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Schematic representation of structure and working mechanism of (a) single luciferase-based cAMP sensor 22F and (b) nano lantern-based cAMP sensor. Binding of cAMP initiates assemblage of firefly luciferase in 22F, leading to oxidation of substrate. In the nano-lantern-based cAMP sensor, binding of cAMP initiates assemblage of Renilla luciferase. Excitation by oxidation of substrate leads to energy transfer to Venus, resulting in yellow fluorescence emission.
