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. 2021 Jan 28;10(2):261. doi: 10.3390/cells10020261

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Spermine biosynthesis in plants. ADC, arginine decarboxylase; AIH, agmatine iminohydrolase; CPA-N, carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase; SPDS, spermidine synthase; SPMS, spermine synthase; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; SAM-S, adenosylmethionine; SAMDC-S, adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; dcSAM, decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine; ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid synthase. Arrows represent synthesis and conversion.