Figure 3.

Spermine (Spm)-induced antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system reduces drought stress in plants. The glyoxalase pathway suppresses methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity. Likewise, the antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD; glutathione S-transferase, GST; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR, and monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR, and the non-enzymatic compounds, e.g., phenols and flavonoids, ascorbate, AsA, and glutathione suppress the accumulation of ROS.