Table 1.
Spermine mediated growth, improved photosynthetic parameters and osmoregulation, and enhanced antioxidant defense in different plant species under drought stress.
| Species | Stress | Spermine Treatment | Effect | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Drought stress (1/2 MS agar plates) | 1 mM (exogenous pretreated seedlings) | Enhanced chlorophyll content, potential role in stomatal movement | Spm protected against drought stress | [49] |
| Cynodon dactilon | Drought stress (withholding water) | 5 mM (exogenous) | Proteins involved in ROS balance stimulated by spermine. Energy-related pathways stimulated by Spm treatment | Improved drought stress tolerance | [47] |
| Cucumber | Drought | 1 mM (pretreated seed) | Reduced ion leakage from the membrane and less lipid peroxidation | Nitric oxide acts downstream of Spm during drought stress to enhance stress tolerance | [50] |
| Creeping Bentgrass (Penn G2) | Drought (withholding water) | 1 mM (exogenous) | Spermine-treated plants maintained significantly higher turf quality (TQ), relative water content (RWC), and photochemical efficiency | Protected creeping bentgrass from drought stress | [48] |
| Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis) | Drought stress (withholding water) | 0.2 mM (exogenous) | Increased RWC and prevented lipid peroxidation | Prevented drought-induced oxidative damage | [51] |
| Lettuce | Drought (10% polyethylene glycol, PEG) | 0.1 mM (exogenous) | Increased plant height and root length. Upregulated antioxidant activity | Significantly alleviated drought stress | [11] |
| Maize | Drought (50% and 75% field capacity) | 25 mgL (exogenous) | Increased content of protein, phenolic, flavonoids, and amino acids | Improved drought tolerance by increasing ethylene and polyamine synthesis | [52] |
| Maize (Giza 10 and Giza 129 cultivars) | Drought (50% and 75% field capacity) | 25 mgL (exogenous) | Stimulated synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, and promoted ROS scavenging | Enhanced drought tolerance and reduced ROS accumulation | [53] |
| Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. cv. BARI Mung-2) | Combined drought and high temperature stress | 0.2 mM (exogenous pretreated seedlings) | Upregulated antioxidant enzymes. Reduced methylglyoxal toxicity by stimulating glyoxalase systems | Improved tolerance to drought and high temperature stress | [29] |
| Orange (Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.) | Combined heat and drought | 1 mmol L-1 (exogenous pretreated seedlings) | Activated antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and peroxidases; induced heat shock proteins and abscisic acid-response element binding factors | Enhanced drought and heat tolerance in a perennial fruit crop | [16] |
| Oryza sativa | Drought (50% field capacity) | 10 µM (seed priming treatments and foliar application) | Activated antioxidant enzymes. Enhanced ROS scavenging and stress-related gene expression | Enhanced drought and heat tolerance in rice seedlings | [54] |
| Red tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) | Drought (MS agar plates) | 1 mM (pretreated seed) | Increased enzymatic antioxidant activity such as SOD and peroxidase and ROS scavenging | Prevented oxidative damage and increased drought tolerance | [55] |
| Rosa damascena Miller var. trigintipetala Dieck | Drought (50% and 100% field capacity) | 0.5 mM (exogenous) | Improved growth (RWC), photosynthetic pigments and stomatal conductance(gs) | Mitigated drought stress | [56] |
| Soybean cultivars (Giza 111 and Gazi 21) | Drought (0, −0.1, −0.5, and −1.1 MPa) | 0.2 mM (pretreated seed) | Pigment enhancement, membrane stabilization, osmolyte accumulation, and water balance | Increased drought tolerance of soybean cultivar | [10] |
| Soybean | Drought (9% PEG) | 0.2 mM (exogenous) | Enhanced CAT, SOD, and POD activities; reduced lipid peroxidation | Improved drought tolerance of soybean | [57] |
| Valerian | Drought (withholding water) | 0.1 mM (exogenous) | Increased photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzyme activity | Improved drought tolerance | [58] |
| Wheat | Drought (withholding water) | 100 µM (exogenous) | Increased photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, and Rubisco | Enhanced drought tolerance of wheat by reduction of oxidative injury | [9] |
| Wheat | Drought (withholding water) | 100 µM (exogenous) | Increased cell water status and accumulation of osmoprotectants | Improved drought tolerance | [32] |
| Wheat | Drought (soil water potential at −60 ± 5 kPa) | 1 mM (exogenous) | Relieved inhibition caused by drought stress | Enhanced grain filling and drought resistance | [44] |
| White clover | Drought stress (20% PEG 6000) | 0.5 mM (exogenous) | Improved sugar metabolism and dehydrin biosynthesis | Mitigated drought stress | [33] |