Table 2.
Fatty acids serum profile during the first (T1) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy according to maternal factors.
| Fatty Acids (µmol/L) | Physical Activity | BMI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Woman (n = 479) |
Active a (n = 35) |
Sedentary b (n = 404) |
p-Value a,b | Normal Weight (<25 kg/m2) c (n = 283) |
Overweight and Obesity (>25kg/m2) d (n = 172) |
p-Value c,d | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
| Total SFA | 1 T | 3765.31 (1614.17) | 3793.8 (1829.6) | 3740.1 (1530.1) | 0.849 | 3647.5 (1480.4) | 4131.3 (1897.4) | 0.006 | |
| 3 T | 9625.65 (4574.33) | 9590.3 (4656.8) | 9641.2 (4512.4) | 0.950 | 9299.9 (4527.0) | 10,380.9 (4637.3) | 0.017 | ||
| Total MUFA | 1 T | 1634.54 (500.21) | 1652.7 (678.1) | 1631.3 (467.3) | 0.806 | 1607.8 (485.5) | 1734.6(549.3) | 0.013 | |
| 3 T | 3116.39 (1330.86) | 3114.7 (1550.3) | 3140.5 (1312.9) | 0.913 | 3038.8 (1228.4) | 3275.3 (1462.9) | 0.084 | ||
| n-6 PUFA | |||||||||
| LA (C18:2n-6) | 1 T | 3355.67 (1230.19) | 3467.6 (1327.0) | 3337.1 (1199.4) | 0.546 | 3309.9 (1210.9) | 3537.9 (1280.5) | 0.064 | |
| 3 T | 6321.14 (2786.02) | 6717.1 (3482.0) | 6239.9 (2629.7) | 0.428 | 6271.3 (2869.6) | 6475.0 (2532.5) | 0.451 | ||
| AA (C20:4n-6) | 1 T | 830.82 ± 276.15 | 780.4 (262.4) | 838.1 (281.7) | 0.250 | 817.3 (262.1) | 889.8 (296.7) | 0.008 | |
| 3 T | 722.63 ± 220.05 | 734.6 (272.8) | 723.6 (216.3) | 0.815 | 709.1 (206.1) | 750.6 (235.2) | 0.062 | ||
| Total n-6 PUFA | 1 T | 4433.77 ± 1469.64 | 4495.1 (1648.1) | 4410.8 (1424.7) | 0.744 | 4358.2 (1445.1) | 46.70.3 (1485.9) | 0.032 | |
| 3 T | 7278.06 ± 2919.04 | 7431.4 (3411.6) | 7220.8 (2784.3) | 0.725 | 7187.0 (2960.1) | 7513.1 (2711.3) | 0.248 | ||
| n-3 PUFA | |||||||||
| EPA (C20:5n-3) | 1 T | 35.03 (23.95) | 28.7 (16.0) | 36.8 (25.9) | 0.010 | 36.1 (25.5) | 35.7 (24.2) | 0.879 | |
| 3 T | 23.88 (16.93) | 20.5 (16.5) | 24.2 (16.9) | 0.211 | 23.1 (16.1) | 24.1 (17.2) | 0.513 | ||
| DHA (C22:6n-3) | 1 T | 240.28 (73.47) | 221.3 (72.3) | 241.6 (73.5) | 0.128 | 239.7 (72.8) | 248.1 (78.9) | 0.253 | |
| 3 T | 236.60 (71.77) | 229.6 (80.6) | 237.6 (71.0) | 0.525 | 233.9 (69.0) | 237.2 (72.2) | 0.631 | ||
| Total n-3 PUFA | 1 T | 276.98 (94.07) | 258.0 (97.5) | 279.1 (94.2) | 0.212 | 277.0 (93.7) | 287.4 (102.8) | 0.277 | |
| 3 T | 260.52 (84.33) | 253.0 (91.6) | 261.9 (84.5) | 0.549 | 257.2 (80.6) | 261.8 (86.0) | 0.574 | ||
| Total FAs | 1 T | 10,073.15 (3349.07) | 10,462.6 (4446.0) | 10,038.2 (3175.5) | 0.589 | 9781.9 (3045.6) | 10,888.1 (3848.4) | 0.002 | |
| 3 T | 20,480.82 (8335.23) | 20,792.6 (9549.0) | 20,406.6 (8054.6) | 0.792 | 19,856.2 (8006.0) | 21,814.7 (8638.8) | 0.017 | ||
| n-6/n-3 ratio | 1 T | 16.80 (5.19) | 17.9 (4.6) | 16.7 (5.2) | 0.182 | 16.5 (5.0) | 17.7 (5.5) | 0.016 | |
| 3 T | 29.29 (11.52) | 30.9 (11.9) | 29.2 (11.4) | 0.408 | 26.3 (11.6) | 30.4 (11.6) | 0.360 | ||
| AA/EPA ratio | 1 T | 31.77 (19.08) | 35.6 (21.1) | 31.2 (18.7) | 0.184 | 31.0 (19.3) | 33.4 (18.8) | 0.197 | |
| 3 T | 44.09 (30.61) | 52.1 (33.4) | 44.3 (31.6) | 0.158 | 45.2 (32.4) | 46.9 (31.8) | 0.581 | ||
| Fatty Acids | Maternal Smoking Status | Maternal Alcohol Consumption | |||||||
|
Smoker e
(n = 70) |
Non-Smoker or Ex-Smoker f
(n = 390) |
p-Value e,f |
No g
(n = 380) |
Yes h
(n = 65) |
p-Value g,h | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||
| Total SFA | 1 T | 3896.7 (1840.4) | 3795.3 (1616.2) | 0.635 | 3846.7 (1721.4) | 3552.7 (1248.4) | 0.192 | ||
| 3 T | 10,992.9 (5035.4) | 9421.6(4438.9) | 0.008 | 9756.5 (4684.2) | 9735.7 (4291.2) | 0.974 | |||
| Total MUFA | 1 T | 1592.1 (483.6) | 4737.4 (1514.7) | 0.309 | 1661.0 (526.9) | 1596.0 (455.2) | 0.355 | ||
| 3 T | 3369.1 (1239.0) | 3086.8(1349.4) | 0.102 | 3142.1 (1345.6) | 3139.6 (1251.1) | 0.989 | |||
| n-6 PUFA | |||||||||
| LA (C18:2n-6) | 1 T | 3378.5 (1289.9) | 3374.4 (1226.1) | 0.980 | 3407.8 (1251.6) | 3282.8 (1191.9) | 0.459 | ||
| 3 T | 7108.4 (2856.9) | 6185.8 (2709.2) | 0.010 | 6368.9 (2777.7) | 6540.3 (2689.0) | 0.652 | |||
| AA (C20:4n-6) | 1 T | 812.5 (278.5) | 842.0(278.3) | 0.411 | 848.6 (278.0) | 811.8 (240.3) | 0.321 | ||
| 3 T | 781.7 (251.8) | 713.9(212.3) | 0.017 | 721.4 (218.1) | 758.4 (223.9) | 0.216 | |||
| Total n-6 PUFA | 1 T | 4430.2 (1518.5) | 4450.7(1461.5) | 0.915 | 4495.4 (1489.0) | 4320.3 (1374.0) | 0.356 | ||
| 3 T | 8026.8 (2904.0) | 7155.0 (2856.1) | 0.020 | 7320.8 (2904.8) | 7552.7 (2827.1) | 0.560 | |||
| n-3 PUFA | |||||||||
| EPA (C20:5n-3) | 1 T | 29.9 (20.5) | 37.1(25.6) | 0.010 | 35.9 (24.8) | 38.3 (27.4) | 0.477 | ||
| 3 T | 21.8 (16.3) | 24.1(16.8) | 0.278 | 23.5 (16.3) | 23.9 (18.2) | 0.845 | |||
| DHA (C22:6n-3) | 1 T | 212.0 (67.3) | 247.4 (74.2) | <0.001 | 244.0 (74.5) | 235.7 (73.9) | 0.415 | ||
| 3 T | 225.3 (69.3) | 237.7(72.1) | 0.181 | 233.5 (68.9) | 243.8 (82.8) | 0.352 | |||
| Total n-3 PUFA | 1 T | 241.9 (80.5) | 287.0(97.1) | <0.001 | 282.1 (96.6) | 274.1 (94.2) | 0.538 | ||
| 3 T | 247.1 (81.1) | 262.3(85.4) | 0.163 | 257.0 (81.0) | 268.8 (98.0) | 0.368 | |||
| Total FAs | 1 T | 9957.3 (3289.8) | 10,183.4(3417.6) | 0.611 | 10,235.9 (3489.2) | 99,743.1 (2884.8) | 0.287 | ||
| 3 T | 22,811.9 (8668.9) | 20,111.4(8147.6) | 0.012 | 20,663.8 (8442.9) | 20,952.8 (7776.3) | 0.800 | |||
| n-6/n-3 ratio | 1 T | 19.5 (5.1) | 16.4(5.1) | <0.001 | 16.9 (5.1) | 16.6 (5.6) | 0.650 | ||
| 3 T | 34.9 (11.7) | 28.6 (11.2) | <0.001 | 29.9 (11.6) | 29.4 (11.2) | 0.725 | |||
| AA/EPA ratio | 1 T | 36.1 (17.6) | 31.0(19.3) | 0.039 | 31.9 (19.1) | 30.4 (19.3) | 0.565 | ||
| 3 T | 50.0 (31.2) | 44.6(32.2) | 0.195 | 45.9 (31.9) | 45.2 (33.1) | 0.882 | |||
| Fatty Acids | Educational Level | Age Group (Years) | |||||||
|
Low i
(n = 137) |
Medium j
(n = 175) |
High k
(n = 147) |
p-Value i–k |
<25 l
(n = 55) |
25-30 m
(n = 153) |
>30 n
(n = 233) |
p-Value l–n | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Total SFA | 1 T | 3874.1 (1749.7) | 3855.9 (1732.5) | 3698.3 (1450.3) | 0.605 | 3563.0 (1597.9) | 3784.0 (1741.0) | 3920.5 (1625.2) | 0.342 |
| 3 T | 10,292.9 (5143.4) | 9364.9 (4260.0) | 9400.1 (4277.2) | 0.142 | 8759.2 (4260.8) | 9446.6 (4490.7) | 10,091.9 (4704.0) | 0.104 | |
| Total MUFA | 1 T | 1620.1 (504.1) | 1667.6 (539.5) | 1655.8 (479.1) | 0.707 | 1542.2 (484.3) | 1620.8 (523.8) | 1703.5 (508.4) | 0.070 |
| 3 T | 2971.5 (1196.4) | 3115.0 (1369.9) | 3308.5 (1410.3) | 0.102 | 2612.1 (1049.3) | 3020.6 (1259.4) | 3323.5 (1386.8) | 0.001 | |
| n-6 PUFA | |||||||||
| LA (C18:2n-6) | 1 T | 3508.0 (1285.4) | 3363.6 (1200.5) | 3263.9 (1222.1) | 0.249 | 3138.3 (1013.0) | 3339.3 (1182.5) | 3496.1 (1319.6) | 0.132 |
| 3 T | 6637.6 (2698.6) | 6439.7 (2871.8) | 5886.9 (2604.5) | 0.055 | 6334.4 (2834.4) | 6372.2 (2730.3) | 6338.7 (2740.4) | 0.992 | |
| AA (C20:4n-6) | 1 T | 832.3 (252.5) | 841.2 (306.5) | 837.7 (266.4) | 0.961 | 782.9 (271.7) | 844.0 (261.7) | 858.8 (287.9) | 0.198 |
| 3 T | 748.9 (221.8) | 714.4 (217.9) | 712.9 (220.1) | 0.287 | 683.1 (185.1) | 730.8 (212.5) | 733.1 (231.4) | 0.287 | |
| Total n-6 PUFA | 1 T | 4603.5 (1501.6) | 4418.9 (1453.0) | 4336.4 (1453.6) | 0.397 | 4122.7 (1251.0) | 4439.0 (1428.2) | 4589.3 (1539.3) | 0.108 |
| 3 T | 7526.6 (2662.0) | 7405.5 (3021.7) | 6913.7 (2876.7) | 0.156 | 7246.7 (2923.9) | 7380.0 (2894.9) | 7285.0 (2845.2) | 0.935 | |
| n-3 PUFA | |||||||||
| EPA (C20:5n-3) | 1 T | 29.0 (19.4) | 36.1 (25.3) | 42.5 (27.8) | <0.0001 | 25.7 (22.7) | 32.6 (24.2) | 40.6 (25.1) | <0.0001 |
| 3 T | 19.6 (15.6) | 23.4 (15.5) | 28.1 (18.2) | <0.0001 | 14.8 (10.8) | 23.0 (16.2) | 25.9 (17.3) | <0.0001 | |
| DHA (C22:6n-3) | 1 T | 228.0 (70.0) | 238.9 (71.8) | 258.6 (78.2) | 0.002 | 207.7 (57.7) | 240.8 (79.5) | 252.3 (73.4) | <0.0001 |
| 3 T | 221.4 (66.6) | 238.6 (70.8) | 246.5 (75.9) | 0.009 | 199.7 (60.4) | 232.1 (66.2) | 245.6 (72.2) | <0.0001 | |
| Total n-3 PUFA | 1 T | 259.0 (87.2) | 276.2 (90.8) | 304.3 (105.1) | <0.0001 | 233.4 (73.2) | 273.4 (98.3) | 296.7 (97.5) | <0.0001 |
| 3 T | 241.0 (78.6) | 262.5 (83.4) | 275.5 (89.4) | 0.002 | 215.1 (68.3) | 256.7 (80.6) | 271.0 (83.8) | <0.0001 | |
| Total FAs | 1 T | 10,307.0 (3389.4) | 10,208.3 (3635.0) | 9930.1 (3106.4) | 0.623 | 9424.7 (3016.7) | 9959.2 (3312.9) | 10,538.9 (3524.7) | 0.057 |
| 3 T | 20,891.2 (7860.5) | 20,493.4 (8708.0) | 20,207.8 (8177.2) | 0.783 | 18,711.7 (6936.9) | 20,099.0 (7990.0) | 21,362.9 (8701.4) | 0.066 | |
| n-6/n-3 ratio | 1 T | 18.7 (5.3) | 17.2 (5.3) | 14.7 (4.3) | <0.0001 | 18.4 (5.1) | 17.6 (5.5) | 16.2 (5.0) | 0.005 |
| 3 T | 33.1 (11.4) | 29.9 (12.4) | 25.7 (9.2) | <0.0001 | 35.6 (12.7) | 30.1 (11.6) | 28.1 (10.9) | <0.0001 | |
| AA/EPA ratio | 1 T | 38.0 (20.0) | 31.9 (18.8) | 26.1 (16.9) | <0.0001 | 42.4 (24.1) | 35.1 (19.6) | 27.7 (16.4) | <0.0001 |
| 3 T | 58.8 (38.5) | 43.5 (30.3) | 35.2 (21.7) | <0.0001 | 64.5 (38.2) | 47.7 (34.4) | 40.7 (27.7) | <0.0001 | |
Values are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; n-6 PUFA, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid; LA, Linoleic acid; AA, Arachidonic acid; n-3 PUFA, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, Docosahexaenoic acid; Total FAs, fatty acids = total SFA + total MUFA + total n-6 PUFA + total n-3 PUFA; n-6/n-3 ratio = total n-6 PUFA/ total n-3 PUFA. a Active; b Sedentary; p-value a,b, p-value between active and sedentary women. c Normal weight; d Overweight and obesity; p-value c,d, p-value between normal weight (<25 kg/m2) and overweight and obesity (≥25 kg/m2). e Smoker; f Non-smoker; p-value e,f, p-value between smoker or non-smoker women. g No-alcohol consumption; h Yes-alcohol consumption; p-value g,h, p-value between No-alcohol consumption and alcohol consumption. i Low; j Medium; k High; p-value i–k, p-value between low, medium and high educational level. l Age less than 25 years-old; m Age between 25 and 30 years-old; n Age more than 30 years-old; p-value l–n, p-value between age groups. Student’s t-test was used for Physical activity, BMI, maternal smoking status and maternal alcohol consumption. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for educational level and age group.