Table 5.

Associations between energy-adjusted total, animal and plant protein intakes and CMRFs according to sex among 7886 Chinese adults who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. ¹

CMRF	Total Protein		Animal Protein		Plant Protein
	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p
Lipid and lipoprotein profiles
TG (mmol/L)
Women	0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)	0.60	0.06 (−0.03, 0.14)	0.17	−0.01 (−0.10, 0.08)	0.87
Men	−0.04 (−0.14, 0.06)	0.45	0.03 (−0.07, 0.14)	0.53	−0.04 (−0.16, 0.09)	0.55
TC (mmol/L)
Women	0.06 (0, 0.13)	0.07	0.08 (0, 0.15)	0.04	0 (−0.08, 0.08)	0.95
Men	0.03 (−0.04, 0.10)	0.37	0.09 (0.02, 0.17)	0.02	−0.09 (−0.18, 0)	<0.05
HDL-C (mmol/L)
Women	0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)	0.43	−0.01 (−0.04, 0.02)	0.41	0.01 (−0.02, 0.04)	0.56
Men	0.03 (0, 0.05)	0.03	0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)	0.18	0.04 (0.01, 0.08)	0.01
LDL-C (mmol/L)
Women	0.06 (−0.01, 0.12)	0.10	0.05 (−0.02, 0.13)	0.16	0.03 (−0.05, 0.11)	0.52
Men	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)	0.78	0.04 (−0.03, 0.12)	0.25	−0.17 (−0.26, −0.07)	<0.01
Non-HDL-C (mmol/L)
Women	0.04 (−0.03, 0.11)	0.26	0.07 (−0.01, 0.15)	0.08	0 (−0.09, 0.08)	0.97
Men	0 (−0.07, 0.08)	0.93	0.07 (−0.01, 0.14)	0.09	−0.14 (−0.23, −0.04)	<0.01
TC:HDL-C
Women	0.03 (−0.04, 0.10)	0.44	0.08 (0, 0.16)	0.05	0 (−0.09, 0.08)	0.96
Men	−0.03 (−0.12, 0.06)	0.50	0.02 (−0.08, 0.11)	0.74	−0.11 (−0.22, 0)	<0.05
LDL-C:HDL-C
Women	0.03 (−0.02, 0.09)	0.23	0.05 (−0.01, 0.12)	0.08	0.02 (−0.04, 0.09)	0.47
Men	−0.05 (−0.11, 0.01)	0.13	0.01 (−0.06, 0.07)	0.84	−0.18 (−0.26, −0.10)	<0.01
Lipoprotein (a) (mg/L)
Women	−1.05 (−12.32, 10.21)	0.85	3.49 (−9.00, 15.98)	0.58	−2.26 (−15.92, 11.39)	0.75
Men	6.22 (−4.73, 17.18)	0.27	7.52 (−4.01, 19.06)	0.20	1.06 (−12.86, 14.98)	0.88
Glucose homeostasis biomarkers
Glucose (mmol/L)
Women	−0.04 (−0.12, 0.04)	0.30	−0.05 (−0.13, 0.04)	0.27	−0.04 (−0.13, 0.06)	0.45
Men	0 (−0.10, 0.10)	0.94	−0.05 (−0.15, 0.06)	0.37	−0.01 (−0.13, 0.12)	0.91
Insulin (μIU/mL)
Women	0.84 (−0.49, 2.16)	0.22	0.63 (−0.85, 2.11)	0.40	0.18 (−1.43, 1.79)	0.83
Men	−0.49 (−2.00, 1.01)	0.52	−0.96 (−2.54, 0.63)	0.24	0.48 (−1.43, 2.39)	0.62
HOMA-IR
Women	0.10 (−0.34, 0.55)	0.66	−0.01 (−0.51, 0.48)	0.96	−0.10 (−0.64, 0.44)	0.73
Men	−0.21 (−0.64, 0.22)	0.34	−0.37 (−0.83, 0.08)	0.10	−0.03 (−0.58, 0.51)	0.91
HbA1c (%)
Women	0.02 (−0.03, 0.08)	0.44	−0.04 (−0.10, 0.03)	0.26	0.06 (0, 0.13)	0.06
Men	0.03 (−0.02, 0.09)	0.25	−0.03 (−0.08, 0.03)	0.41	0.08 (0.01, 0.15)	0.03
hsCRP (mg/L)
Women	−0.23 (−0.64, 0.18)	0.26	−0.11 (−0.57, 0.35)	0.64	−0.18 (−0.68, 0.32)	0.48
Men	−0.16 (−0.74, 0.42)	0.59	−0.38 (−1.00, 0.23)	0.22	0.07 (−0.67, 0.81)	0.85
Uric acid (μmol/L)
Women	7.25 (2.09, 12.42)	<0.01	14.81 (9.05, 20.56)	<0.01	−4.01 (−10.23, 2.22)	0.21
Men	6.76 (−0.30, 13.83)	0.06	14.65 (7.22, 22.07)	<0.01	−6.79 (−15.75, 2.18)	0.14

¹ Data were presented as β coefficients (95% CI) per 5% energy from protein intake. The model was a multiple linear regression model, and adjusted for potential confounders, including age, BMI, urban index, region, education level, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, blood pressure, cholesterol, fiber, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, other fatty acids and total energy. The model was also constructed as an isocaloric substitution model, in which 5% energy from total, animal or plant protein was substituted for carbohydrates. In addition to all of the above variables, the animal protein model was also adjusted for plant protein and vice versa. CMRF, cardiometabolic risk factor; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.