Table 4.

Treatment advances for the management of CM-IRIS with anti-inflammatory agents and biologics.

Drug/Treatment	Findings	Reference
Therapeutic lumbar punctures/shunting	Recommended for high intracranial pressure	Govender et al., 2019 [126] Cherian et al., 2016 [127]
Corticosteroids (dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) 0.3–1 mg/kg/day	Decreases inflammation, but associated with higher mortality Reduces TLR-mediated immune activation	Beardsley et al., 2019 [106] Day et al., 2014 [128] Beardsley et al., 2016 [129]
Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day	Neurological improvement in severe C-IRIS cases	Piconi et al., 2011 [130]
Thalidomide/Adalimumab 100 mg per day	Bind to TNFα and block its anti-inflammatory activity Expedites fungal clearance	Brunel et al., 2012 [131] Gaube et al., 2016 [132]
Recombinant IFNγ (Immukin, Boehringer Ingelheim) 100–200 μg s.c.	Increases Th1 cell responses Depolarizes macrophages No evident benefit to patient survival	Jarvis et al., 2012 [133] Gamaletsou et al., 2012 [134]