Table 4.
Intervention effect of cognitive function and mood state from baseline to 12th week.
| CC Supplement (n = 23) | Placebo (n = 24) | Treatment × Time Effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | Partial Eta Squared | Power | |||
| Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) | |||||
| Baseline | 27.09 ± 1.38 | 26.58 ± 1.35 | 0.049 * | 0.150 | 0.586 |
| 6th week | 28.30 ± 0.70 | 26.92 ± 1.02 | |||
| 12th week | 28.91 ± 0.95 | 27.38 ± 1.28 | |||
| Digit Span | |||||
| Baseline | 8.39 ± 1.23 | 7.92 ± 1.28 | 0.466 | 0.040 | 0.173 |
| 6th week | 10.09 ± 1.41 | 8.58 ± 2.34 | |||
| 12th week | 10.91 ± 1.70 | 9.50 ± 2.59 | |||
| RAVLT (Immediate Recall) | |||||
| Baseline | 6.30 ± 1.02 | 6.29 ± 1.12 | 0.058 | 0.143 | 0.560 |
| 6th week | 10.22 ± 1.28 | 8.96 ± 1.76 | |||
| 12th week | 11.26 ± 2.18 | 10.75 ± 2.29 | |||
| RAVLT (Delayed recall) | |||||
| Baseline | 5.74 ± 0.92 | 5.63 ± 1.24 | 0.070 | 0.068 | 0.529 |
| 6th week | 9.39 ± 1.37 | 7.83 ± 1.49 | |||
| 12th week | 9.96 ± 2.65 | 9.58 ± 3.02 | |||
| Digit Symbol | |||||
| Baseline | 8.87 ± 1.71 | 8.00 ± 2.63 | 0.264 | 0.069 | 0.278 |
| 6th week | 10.04 ± 2.01 | 8.88 ± 2.59 | |||
| 12th week | 10.48 ± 1.97 | 9.88 ± 2.89 | |||
| Visual Reproduction (Immediate recall) | |||||
| Baseline | 32.22 ± 4.62 | 29.50 ± 6.45 | 0.212 | 0.080 | 0.320 |
| 6th week | 34.83 ± 3.30 | 29.54 ± 7.25 | |||
| 12th week | 35.13 ± 3.94 | 30.88 ± 7.06 | |||
| Visual reproduction (delayed recall) | |||||
| Baseline | 31.61 ± 6.06 | 27.83 ± 7.98 | 0.242 | 0.074 | 0.295 |
| 6th week | 35.13 ± 4.35 | 28.88 ± 7.85 | |||
| 12th week | 35.30 ± 3.40 | 29.88 ± 8.73 | |||
| Tension | |||||
| Baseline | 5.09 ± 3.46 | 6.67 ± 3.95 | 0.018 * | 0.191 | 0.733 |
| 6th week | 3.91 ± 2.04 | 6.13 ± 2.53 | |||
| 12th week | 3.22 ± 1.65 | 5.46 ± 2.25 | |||
| Anger | |||||
| Baseline | 1.47 ± 0.92 | 2.58 ± 1.16 | 0.139 | 0.099 | 0.401 |
| 6th week | 1.13 ± 1.58 | 3.21 ± 1.83 | |||
| 12th week | 1.09 ± 0.64 | 3.08 ± 2.39 | |||
| Fatigue | |||||
| Baseline | 3.65 ± 2.53 | 5.17 ± 2.35 | 0.811 | 0.011 | 0.081 |
| 6th week | 4.17 ± 1.87 | 5.33 ± 2.91 | |||
| 12th week | 4.00 ± 1.57 | 5.54 ± 1.25 | |||
| Depression | |||||
| Baseline | 1.70 ± 0.36 | 3.00 ± 1.22 | 0.921 | 0.004 | 0.062 |
| 6th week | 1.39 ± 0.37 | 2.38 ± 2.20 | |||
| 12th week | 1.34 ± 0.77 | 2.17 ± 1.93 | |||
| Esteem-related effect | |||||
| Baseline | 16.74 ± 2.88 | 14.54 ± 3.06 | 0.149 | 0.095 | 0.387 |
| 6th week | 17.30 ± 1.69 | 15.21 ± 3.46 | |||
| 12th week | 18.35 ± 1.34 | 15.00 ±2.83 | |||
| Vigor | |||||
| Baseline | 12.83 ± 3.39 | 10.25 ± 3.72 | 0.050 | 0.243 | 0.862 |
| 6th week | 13.30 ± 1.55 | 10.29 ± 2.16 | |||
| 12th week | 14.35 ± 2.17 | 9.00 ± 2.11 | |||
| Confusion | |||||
| Baseline | 2.74 ± 1.15 | 4.13 ± 1.84 | 0.983 | 0.001 | 0.052 |
| 6th week | 3.22 ± 2.15 | 3.88 ± 2.86 | |||
| 12th week | 2.00 ± 1.45 | 2.83 ± 1.34 | |||
| Total mood disturbance | |||||
| Baseline | 85.09 ± 10.58 | 96.75 ± 12.74 | 0.028 * | 0.171 | 0.672 |
| 6th week | 83.22 ± 6.18 | 95.42 ± 12.04 | |||
| 12th week | 78.96 ± 5.06 | 95.08 ± 9.08 | |||
* Significance at p < 0.05. Controlled for age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake, vitamin A and C.