Table 1.

Characteristics of eligible studies (animals and humans).

Reference	Study Design	Target	Exposure	Intervention/Outcome	Main Findings
Khatiwada et al., 2012 [3]	case report	n.2 women: (1) 30-year-old (2) 80-year-old	acute	unintentional ingestion of phorate granules mistaken for food (sesame seeds)	30-year-old woman dead on arrival at the emergency department; 80-year-old woman survived after resuscitation procedures.
Peter et al., 2008 [44]	case report	30-year-old female	acute	impulsively swallowed 50 mL of phorate after a family dispute	survived after hospital treatment.
Qi et al., 2017 [45]	prospective, observational	rats; urine analysis	Chronic	rats were given a mixture of four op pesticides (dimethoate, acephate, dichlorvos, and phorate) for 90 days.	Alteration of kidney function, modification of DNAwith alteration of the metabolism of fatty acids, energy and sex hormones, antioxidant defense system.
Du et al., 2014 [46]	prospective, observational	rats; the plasma was analyzed	chronic	mixture of four op pesticides (dimethoate, acephate, dichlorvos, and phorate) for 24 weeks	kidney damage of tubular cell, granular and vascular degeneration.
Sun et al., 2012 [47]	prospective, observational	rats; metabonomics evaluation of urine by uplc-ms; long-term and low-level exposure	chronic	phorate daily in drinking water at low doses of 0.05, 0.15 or 0.45 mg/kg body weight (bw) for 24 weeks consecutively	kidney damage: the levels of creatinine (cr) and urea nitrogen (bun) were significantly elevated in the high-dose group, indicating kidney damage after exposure to phorate.
Li et al., 2016 [48]	prospective, observational	rats; the authors examined the effect of quercetina	chronic	mixture of four organophosphates (dichlorvos, acephate, dimethoate and phorate) for 90 days	kidney damage: histopathological examination showed extensive cell vacuolar denaturation and desquamation of the epithelial lining of the tubules; renal damage by impairing the reabsorption capacity of the proximal tubules and by decreasing glomerular filtration rate.
Mohssen 2001 [49]	prospective, observational	rats	chronic	subchronic inhalation of the recommended field dose of phorate (20 kg/ha).	kidney damage: impairment of glomerular function and tubular damage with mild to severe multifocal cloudy and hydropic degeneration (edema) with necrosis in kidney tubules.
Saquib et al., 2012 [50]	prospective, observational	rats	chronic	14 days of varying oral doses of phorate of 0.046, 0.092 or 0.184 mg	kidney damage: infiltration of leukocytes in the bowman’s space with dilated blood vessels, and renal necrosis.