Table 4.
Results of publications that examined flunixin in cattle at castration and disbudding procedures.
| Reference | Method | Administration | Outcomes Measured | Positive Administration Outcome 1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Route | Dose | Timing | ||||
| Castration (n = 9) | ||||||
| Currah et al., 2009 [33] | Surgical | IV | 2.2 mg/kg | U | Activity, nursing, stride length, visual pain assessment, vocalization | Stride length |
| Kleinhenz et al., 2018 [34] | Surgical | TD | 3.3 mg/kg | “during” | C P, HR, IRT O, substance P; Gait analysis, stride length | C P |
| Mintline et al., 2014 [35] | Surgical | IV | 1.1 mg/kg | IP | IRT W, scrotal circumference & temperature, substance P; Lying time; ADG, healing score | - |
| Park et al., 2018 [36] | Surgical | IV | 2.0 mg/kg | IP | C P, glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvate transaminases, Hp, RT, SP; ADG, feed intake | Haptoglobin, RT |
| Paull et al., 2015 [37] | Band | SC | 200 mg | IA | Complete blood count, C P, haptoglobin, leukocyte counts; Pain behaviors, postures; ADG | - |
| Repenning et al., 2013 [28] | Surgical or Band | IV | 1.2 mg/kg | “upon restraint” + days 1, 2, 3 | HR, RR, RT; Activity, feeding, procedure response score; ADG, DMI, G:F | RR; Activity (chute behaviors), feeding, procedure response score |
| Stilwell et al., 2008 [38] | Surgical | SC | 2.2 mg/kg | 5 m PRE | C P; Bunk behaviors, pain behaviors, vocalizations | C P |
| Sutherland et al., 2013 [39] | Surgical | IM | 2.0 mg/kg | IP | C P, leukocytes, WBC; Activity, maintenance & pain behaviors | C P; Drinking and eating |
| Webster et al., 2013 [40] | Surgical † | IV | 1.1 mg/kg | 20 m PRE | C P; Activity, maintenance & pain behaviors, postures | C P; Postures |
| Disbudding (n = 6) | ||||||
| Fraccaro et al., 2013 [41] | Surgical | IV | 2.2 mg/kg | IP | Prostaglandin E2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
| Glynn et al., 2013 [42] | Scoop | IV | 2.2 mg/kg | 1 m PRE | C P, haptoglobin, IRT O, substance P; MNT; ADG | C P; ADG |
| Huber et al., 2013 [43] | Hot iron | IV | 2.2 mg/kg | IP or IP + 3 h POST | C P, HR, RR; Pain behaviors | C P (only when given 2×) |
| Kleinhenz et al., 2017 [44] | Hot iron * | TD | 3.3 mg/kg | Concurrent | C P, HR, IRT O, substance P; MNT | C P; MNT |
| Sutherland et al., 2013 [39] | Surgical | IM | 2.0 mg/kg | IP | C P, leukocytes, WBC; Activity, maintenance & pain behaviors | C P, WBC; Eating, headshake |
| Yakan et al., 2018 [45] | Paste | IV | 2.2 mg/kg | 15 m PRE | C P, glucose, glutathione, HR, oxidative capacities, RR, RT, superoxide dismutase | C P, glucose, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, antioxidant capacity |
* Procedures performed without anesthesia; †Variable anesthesia use between treatments; IV = intravenous; TD = transdermal; U = unspecified; IP = “immediately prior”; IA = “immediately after”. Outcomes Measured: ADG = average daily gain; C P = cortisol; DMI = dry matter intake; G:F = gain:feed; HR = heart rate; IRT = infrared thermography (O Ocular; W Wound); MNT = maximum nociceptive threshold; RT = rectal temperature; RR = respiration rate; WBC = white blood cells. 1 Positive administration outcome was determined based on efficacy statements made by authors of these publications as demonstrated by a p-value less than 0.05 between flunixin and control treatment.