Table 1.

Marine food by-products and their biological activities. Adapted from [72].

Marine Side Streams	Product	Enzyme Used	Activity	Reference
Smooth hound viscera (stomach and intestine)	Protein hydrolysate	Purafect, Esperase and Neutrase	Antioxidant, antihypertensive and antibacterial	[73]
Rainbow trout viscera (throat, stomach and intestines)	Protein hydrolysate	Pepsin	Antibacterial	[74]
Yellowfin sole frame	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase, a-chymotrypsin, mackerel intestine crude enzyme (MICE), Neutrase, papain, pepsin, pronase E, trypsin	Antioxidant	[75]
Alaska pollack frame	Bioactive peptide	MICE	Antioxidant	[76]
Jumbo squid skin	Bioactive peptide	Trypsin, a-chymotrypsin, pepsin	Antioxidant	[77]
Hoki frame	Bioactive peptide	Pepsin, trypsin, papain, a-chymotrypsin, alcalase, Neutrase	Antioxidant	[17]
Sardine heads and viscera	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase 2.4 L serine-protease from B. licheniformis, crude enzyme preparation from A. clavatus, alkaline proteases from B. licheniformis, crude enzyme extract from viscera of sardine (Sardina pilchardus)	Antioxidant	[78]
Tuna frame	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase, Neutrase, pepsin, papain, a-chymotrypsin, trypsin	Antihypertensive	[79]
Chum salmon skin	Bioactive peptide	Complex protease (7% trypsin, 65% papain, 28% alkaline proteinase)	Antioxidant	[80]
Salmon pectoral fin	Bioactive peptide	Pepsin	Anti-inflammatory	[81]
Black pomfret viscera	Bioactive peptide	Pepsin, trypsin, α-chymotrpsin	Antioxidant	[82]
Bluefin tuna head	Protein hydrolysate	B. mojavensis A21 proteases, alcalase from B. licheniformis	Antioxidant	[50]
Pacific cod skin	Bioactive peptide	Pepsin, trypsin, a-chymotrypsin	Antihypertensive and antioxidant	[83]
Sea rotifer	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase, a-chymotrypsin, Neutrase, papain, pepsin and trypsin	Antioxidant	[51]
Cod backbones	Protein hydrolysate	Proteolytic enzyme (Protamex)	Antioxidant	[52]
Squid by-products	Bioactive peptide	Protease type XIV	Antioxidant and antimutagenic	[55]
Squid by-products	Bioactive peptide	Endogenous proteases	Antihypertensive	[56]
Tuna bone	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase, a-chymotrypsin, Neutrase, papain, pepsin and trypsin	Antioxidant	[27]
Salmon trimmings	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase 2.4 L, Flavourzyme, corolase PP or promod 144 MG	Antioxidant, antihypertensive	[44]
Seabass skin	Protein hydrolysate	Alcalase	Antioxidant, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory	[45]
Unicorn leatherjacket skin	Protein hydrolysate	Glycyl endopeptidase	Antiproliferative, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory	[46]
Salmon skin	Bioactive peptide	Alcalase and papain	Antihypertensive	[47]