. 2021 Jan 30;13(2):183. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020183

Table 1.

Asymmetric membranes produced through electrospinning aimed to be used as wound dressings. Note: The merged cells report the values obtained for the asymmetric electrospun membranes.

Main Polymer in Top Layer	Layer	Composition of the Layers	Fibers Average Diameter (nm)	Porosity (%)	Water Contact Angle	WVTR (g × m⁻² × day⁻¹)	Swelling Capacity	Degradation Profile	Ref
PCL	Top layer	PCL; PLA	691 ± 282	N.A.	126.8 ± 5.7°	N.A.	N.A.	1.54 ± 0.22%, PBS, pH 7.4, 3 days	[55]
	Bottom layer	GelMA; ChMA	477 ± 228	N.A.	88.2 ± 6.1° to 46.7 ± 2.2° after 20 s	N.A.	N.A.	5.63 ± 0.21%, PBS, pH 7.4, 3 days	[55]
	Top layer	CS; PCL	370 ± 264	≈96.1	82.4 ± 6.4°	≈ 2536	≈135.2%, PBS, pH 7.4, 4 h	30%, PBS, pH 5.5, 15 days ≈4.8%, PBS, pH 7.4, 15 days	[26]
	Bottom layer	HA; PEO	136 ± 61	≈96.1	82.4 ± 6.4°	≈ 2536	≈135.2%, PBS, pH 7.4, 4 h	30%, PBS, pH 5.5, 15 days ≈4.8%, PBS, pH 7.4, 15 days	[26]
	Top layer	PCL	300 ± 50	N.A.	160°	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	[65]
	Bottom layer	SAG; ZnO nanoparticles	100 ± 30	N.A.	30°	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	[65]
	Top layer	PCL	360 ± 68	N.A.	Sample I: 135° Sample II: 120° to 119° after 20 s	Sample I: 2280 ± 153–2992 ± 72 Sample II: 2506 ± 42–4552 ± 82	Sample I: 400% in TRIS, pH 8, 2 h; after 24 h, medium changed to AES, pH 5, swelling decreased to 250% Sample II: 350%, TRIS, pH 8, 2 h; after 24 h, medium changed to AES, pH 5, swelling decreased to 300%	Sample I: ≈2.9% in TRIS, pH 8; after 1 week, medium changed to PBS, pH 7.4, weight loss increased to 3.5%; after another 1 week, medium changed to AES, pH 5, weight loss increased to ≈4.2% Sample II: ≈4.0% in TRIS, pH 8; after 1 week medium changed to PBS, pH 7.4, weight loss decreased to ≈3.6%; after another 1 week, medium changed to AES, pH 5, weight loss increased to ≈4.6%	[66]
	Bottom layer	PVAc Sample I-PVAc in DMF/ETOH; Sample II-PVAc in DMF)	Sample I: 600 ± 100 Sample II: 3000 ± 1000	N.A.	Sample: 120° to 111° after 20 s Sample II: 76° to 27° after 20 s				[66]
	Top layer	HA; PCL	472 ± 192	90.40 ± 4.25	120.20 ± 0.85°	1762.91 ± 187.50	N.A.	≈10%, PBS, pH 5.5, 7 days	[28]
	Bottom layer	CS; ZN; SA	530 ± 180	90.40 ± 4.25	101.96 ± 5.08°	1762.91 ± 187.50	N.A.	≈10%, PBS, pH 5.5, 7 days	[28]
	Top layer	PCL	385 ± 134	55 ± 5	126.2 ± 1.21°	1252.35 ± 21.22	Ratio ≈20, PBS, pH 5, 30 days	≈30%, PBS containing lysozyme, 30 days	[67]
	Bottom layer	CS; AV; PEO	152 ± 54	97.8 ± 4.5	69.06 ± 3.78°	1252.35 ± 21.22	Ratio ≈20, PBS, pH 5, 30 days	≈30%, PBS containing lysozyme, 30 days	[67]
	Top layer	SF; PCL	615.9 ± 190.4	74.78 ± 6.98	103.10 ± 6.57°	2070.62 ± 102.52	Ratio ≈42, PBS, pH 8, Ratio ≈39.4, PBS, pH 5	23%, PBS, pH 7.4, 7 days	[20]
	Bottom layer	SF; HA; THY	412.7 ± 106.7	74.78 ± 6.98	38.77 ± 5.32°	2070.62 ± 102.52	Ratio ≈42, PBS, pH 8, Ratio ≈39.4, PBS, pH 5	23%, PBS, pH 7.4, 7 days	[20]
	Top layer	PCL; mupirocin	1031 ± 227	≈ 78.2	34.6 ± 4.6°	N.A.	622%, PBS, pH 7.4, 24 h	N.A.	[68]
	Bottom layer	CS; LID	735 ± 152	≈ 78.2	34.6 ± 4.6°	N.A.	622%, PBS, pH 7.4, 24 h	N.A.	[68]
PeCL	Top layer	PeCL	539	N.A.	117°	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	[69]
	Bottom layer	PDO; TiO₂ nanoparticles (concentration of 3% (PP3T5T) and 5% (PP5T5T)); TTC	PP3T5T: 611 PP5T5T: 679	N.A.	PP3T5T - 48° PP5T5T - 79°	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	[69]
	Top layer	PeCL (nylon mesh pore size 40 (PeCL40) or 80 μm (PeCL80))	270	N.A.	PeCL40: 145.24 ± 3.10° PeCL80: 138.88 ± 3.64°	1556.66 ± 37.79	N.A.	N.A.	[54]
	Bottom layer	Gel	144.9 ± 56.92	N.A.	39.93 ± 3.03°	1556.66 ± 37.79	N.A.	N.A.	[54]
PLA	Top layer	PLA; VE	2150	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	≈11.82%, PBS, pH 7–7.6, 24 h	≈5.7% in PBS, ≈8.2%, in lysozyme solution, and ≈1.5% in H₂O₂, after 21 days	[57]
PLA	Bottom layer	PCL; VE	6094	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	≈11.82%, PBS, pH 7–7.6, 24 h		[57]
BGB	Top layer	BGB	410 ± 186	N.A.	126.4°	N.A.	≈50%, deionized water, 24 h	N.A.	[61]
BGB	Bottom layer	BGA	150 ± 58	N.A.	86 to 0° after 10 s	N.A.	≈400%, deionized water, 24 h	N.A.	[61]
PVDF	Top layer	PVDF	207	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Sample I: ≈34.62%, sample II: ≈41.92%, and sample III: ≈48.85%, in PBS, pH 7.4, 336 h	Sample I: ≈31.53%, sample II: ≈39.29%, and sample III: ≈41.18%, in PBS, pH 7.4, 336 h	[70]
PVDF	Bottom layer	PHB; CS Sample I: PHB90%-CS10%; sample II: PHB85%-CS15%; sample III: PHB80%-CS20%	100	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.			[70]
PLLA	Top layer	PLLA; SS (1:1, 2:1, 4:1); NFZ (0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%)	413 to 1095	75.14 ± 5.43 to 78.35 ± 2.38	≈60.0 to ≈143.3°	3161.45 ± 64.97 to 3289.40 ± 58.11	N.A.	N.A.	[71]
PLLA	Bottom layer	NFZ; PLLA	814.36 ± 9.93	75.14 ± 5.43 to 78.35 ± 2.38	125.7°	3161.45 ± 64.97 to 3289.40 ± 58.11	N.A.	N.A.	[71]

AV: Aloe vera; AES: Artificial exudates solutions; BGA: β-glucan acetate; BGB: β-glucan butyrate; ChMA: Methacrylated chitosan; CS: Chitosan; Gel: Gelatin; GelMA: Methacrylated gelatin; HA: Hyaluronic acid; LID: Lidocaine hydrochloride; N.A.: Not available; NFZ: Nitrofurazone; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PCL: Polycaprolactone; PDO: Polydioxanone; PeCL: Poly(ε-caprolactone); PEO: Polyethylene oxide; PHB: Polyhydroxybutyrate; PLA: Poly(l,d-lactic acid); PLLA: Poly(l-lactide); PVAc: Polyvinyl acetate; PVDF: Polyvinylidenefluoride; SA: Salicylic acid; SAG: Sodium alginate; SF: Silk fibroin; SS: Sericin; THY: Thymol; TRIS: Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane; VE: Vitamin E derivative; ZN: Zein.