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. 2021 Jan 23;8(2):77. doi: 10.3390/children8020077

Table 1.

Children’s and parents’ demographic characteristics and children’s anthropometric characteristics in the two groups (healthy children vs. children with gastrointestinal diseases).

Healthy (N = 787)
Ν (%)
Patients (N = 141)
Ν (%)
Groups Comparison p-Value
Child sex Female
Male
394 (50.1%)
393 (49.9%)
64 (45.4%)
77 (54.6%)
0.307
Child age group ≤5 years
>5 years
367 (46.6%)
420 (53.4%)
99 (70.2%)
42 (29.8%)
<0.001
Only child Yes
No
183 (23.3%)
604 (76.7%)
46 (32.6%)
95 (67.4%)
0.017
Firstborn Yes
No
411 (52.2%)
376 (47.8%)
91 (64.5%)
50 (35.5%)
0.007
Parental sex Female
Male
730 (92.8%)
57 (7.2%)
136 (96.5%)
5 (3.5%)
0.105
Same sex between child and parent (sex concordance) Yes
No
388 (49.3%)
399 (50.7%)
80 (56.7%)
61 (43.3%)
0.104
Parental age group <40 years
≥40 years
581 (73.8%)
206 (26.2%)
109 (77.3%)
32 (22.7%)
0.383
Parental education ≤12 years
>12 years
362 (46.0%)
425 (54.0%)
49 (34.8%)
92 (65.2%)
0.013
Working parent Yes
No
552 (70.1%)
235 (29.9%)
84 (59.6%)
97 (40.4%)
0.013
Child’s age (years) Mean ± SD *
Median
4.91 ± 1.00
5.17
4.18 ± 1.28
4.42
<0.001
BMI ** (current) Mean ± SD
Median
15.90 ± 2.22
15.61
15.28 ± 1.68
15.02
0.001
BMI z-score (current) Mean ± SD
Median
0.27 ± 1.39
0.23
−0.23 ± 1.31
-0.29
<0.001
Birth weight (grams) Mean ± SD
Median
3263.50 ± 450.10
3220
3212.09 ± 414.54
3160
0.140

Note: Percentages refer to the column, i.e., within each group. The two groups were compared by means of a chi-square or Mann–Whitney U test, accordingly. * SD = Standard Deviation. ** BMI = Body Mass Index.