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. 2021 Feb 1;12(2):211. doi: 10.3390/genes12020211

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Eicosanoid biosynthesis and degradation in insects. Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) catalyzes hydrolysis of linoleic acid (LA) from membrane-associated phospholipids (PLs), which is elongated by long-chain fatty acid elongase (Elo) and desaturated by desaturase (Des) to arachidonic acid (AA). AA is then oxygenated by epoxidase (EPX) into epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), lipoxygenase (LOX) into leukotriene (LT), or cyclooxygenase-like peroxynectin (Pxt) to prostaglandin (PG). EETs are degraded by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). LTA₄ is formed from 5-hydroxyperoxide eicosatetraenoic acid (HpETE) and changed into LTB₄ by LTA4 hydrolase (LTA₄H) or into LTC₄ by glutathione peroxidase (Gpx). Various PGs are formed from PGH₂ by cell-specific enzymes, thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) synthase (TXAS), PGD₂ synthase (PGDS), PGE₂ synthase (PGES) and PGI₂ synthase (PGIS). These PGs are degraded by PG dehydrogenase (PGDH) and PG reductase (PGR).