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. 2021 Jan 24;12(2):98. doi: 10.3390/insects12020098

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Example of Ips grandicollis harem showing a central male nuptial chamber and the galleries of five females radiating outwards. The arrow marked with a y indicates where measurements between two females were taken from. θ = the angle calculated in to incorporate into a proximity index (see below).