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. 2021 Feb 1;13(2):188. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020188

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Neonatal vaccination with CDA induces B cell activation and maturation. Percentage of activated B cells after a prime-dose in neonatal mice. (A) Number of B cells alive after restimulation. (B) Frequency of CD69⁺ B cells or (C) CD86⁺ B cells from WT (B6) or IFNAR1−/− (IFN receptor KO) mice vaccinated with CDA + OVA or OVA alone to determine the dependence of B cell maturation on the CDA induced IFN-α/β. Results are from one representative experiment out of three independent experiments consisting of 3–5 mice per group. Differences are significant when marked (*), otherwise not significant by a non-paired Student’s t-test (p ≤ 0.05).