Table 1.

Selected mycotoxins, producing fungal species, and contaminated food/feed.

Mycotoxin	Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi	Food/Feed Material	References
Aflatoxins	Aspergillus flavus	Maize, peanuts, wheat, rice, sorghum, pistachio, ground nuts, tree nuts (almonds, walnut, hazelnut, brazil nuts), cottonseed, spices (cumin, black pepper, chili pods/powder), dried fruits (figs, raising, currant, sultanas, plums, date, apricots), cereals, soybean, cocoa, milk, milk products, meat, feeds	[1,2,3,4,5,6,25]
	Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius,	Maize, peanuts, brazil nuts, cocoa	[3,5]
	Aspergillus niger
Ochratoxins	Aspergillus ochrareus	Barley, wheat, maize, cereals, dried vine fruits, wine, grapes, coffee, cocoa, cheese, feeds	[1,2,5,6,25]
	Aspergillus niger	Coffee, grapes, maize	[5]
	Aspergillus carbonarius	Maize, cereals, dried vine fruits, wine, grapes, coffee, cocoa, cheese	[2,5]
	Penicillium verrucosum	Barley, wheat, cereals, dried vine fruits, wine, grapes, coffee, cocoa, cheese, feeds	[1,2,3,6]
	Penicillium viridicatum	cereals, dried vine fruits, wine, grapes, coffee, cocoa, cheese, feeds	[1,2,6,25]
Zearaleone	Fusarium graminearum	Wheat, maize, cereal product, barley, feeds	[1,2,6,25]
	Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium incarnatum	Wheat, maize, cereal product, barley, rye	[2,6]
Fumonisins	Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum	Maize products, sorghum, asparagus, feeds	[1,2,25]
T-2 and HT-2	Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium sporotrichioides	Maize, wheat, barley, oat, rye	[2,6]
Deoxynivalenol	Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum, and Fusarium acuminatum	Maize, wheat, barley, oat, cereal, cereal product, feeds	[1,2,6]
Nivalenol	Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium poae, Fusarium nivale, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium graminearum	Maize, wheat, barley	[3,6]
Sterigmatocystin	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus versicolor	Wheat, oats, ryes, barley, buckwheat, grain-based products, breakfast cereals, cooking oils, sorghum, maize on the cob, maize-based thickeners, maize syrup, polenta, tacos, tinned sweet maize, popcorn and maize snacks, cheese, nuts (peanut, hazelnuts), coffee beans, fresh fruits and sterilized fruits (grapes, plums, apples, pears, bananas and oranges), fruit juices (apple juices, blackcurrant juice and cherry juice), green vegetables and canned vegetables, beer, spices, animal feed	[7,11,20,37]
Ergot alkaloids	Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps fusiformis, Claviceps africana, Neotyphodium spp.,	Rye, rye-containing commodities, wheat, triticale, barley, millet, oat, grains, grass	[2,14,24]
Alternaria	Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria arborescens	Grain based products, all cereal grains, fruit and fruit products, vegetables and vegetable products, oilseeds, beer, wine	[2,6,24]