Table 3.
Selected studies presenting the effects of mycotoxins on poultry and swine’s oxidative indices and antioxidant enzymes.
| Animal Species | Mycotoxin Tested | Levels | Oxidative Indices | Antioxidant Enzymes | Other Indices | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1 | (1) 0.15 mg AFB1/kg (2) 0.3 mg AFB1/kg (3) 0.6 mg AFB1/kg |
↑ MDA ↑ GSH |
Spleen: ↓GSH-Px ↓GR ↓CAT |
[51] | |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1 | 1 mg AFB1/kg | ↑ MDA | Liver and serum: ↓CAT ↓ GSH-Px ↓ T-SOD ↓ GR ↓ GSTs |
[52] | |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1 | 1 ppm | ↑ MDA ↓ TAC |
Serum: ↑ SOD ↓ CAT |
↑ AST ↑ ALT ↓ Glucose ↑ Cholesterol ↑ Triglyceride |
[54] |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1 | (1) 0.05 mg/kg (2) 0.1 mg/kg (3) 0.5 mg/kg (4) 1.0 mg/kg |
↑ MDA | ↓ SOD ↓ CAT ↓ G6PD ↓ GSH-Px |
[55] | |
| Broilers | Ochratoxin | 50 μg/kg OTA | Kidneys: ↑ MDA ↓ GSH ↓ TAC |
↓ CAT ↓ SOD ↓ CAT (mRNA expression) ↓ SOD(mRNA expression) ↓ GSH-Px(mRNA expression) |
[56] | |
| Broilers (and broilers hepatocytes cells in vitro) | T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin |
(1) 1 mg/kg T-2 + 0.167 mg/kg HT-2 (2) 2 mg/kg T-2 + 0.333 mg/kg HT-2 (3) 4 mg/kg T-2 + 0.667 mg/kg HT-2 Hepatocytes treated for 24 h with 10, 20, 50 and 100 nM of T-2 and HT-2 toxins |
↑ MDA | (Relative mRNA expression of in vivo and in vitro trials) ↑ GSH-Px ↑ CAT ↑ SOD |
↑ALT ↑AST |
[33] |
| Broilers | T-2 toxin | 8.1 mg/kg | ↓ reduced glutathione | ↓ Se-GSH-Px | [58] | |
| Chicken (hepatocytes cells in vitro) | Aflatoxin B1 | 5 μM | ↑ MDA | ↓SOD ↓CAT ↓ GR |
↑IL1β ↑NFkB ↑TNF-α |
[57] |
| Pigs (weaned) | Deoxynivalenol Zearaleone |
(1) 0.8 mg DON/kg (2) 3.1 mg DON/kg + 1.8 mg ZEA/kg |
Plasma: ↑ MDA Liver and plasma: −GSH |
↑ SOD in liver ↓ GPX2 gene expression in jejunum |
[61] | |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 20 μg AF/kg | −MDA | ↑TNF-α | [62] | |
| Pigs | Fumonisin B1 Deoxynivalenol |
(1) 10 μM DON (2) 70 μM FB1 (3) 10 μM DON + 70 μM FB1 |
↓ GSH ↑ MDA ↓ TAC (ABTS) |
[63] | ||
| Pigs (weaned) | Aflatoxins | 320 ppb pure AFB1 | ↓ TAC | Plasma and organs: ↓ CAT ↓ SOD ↓ GSH-Px |
[64] | |
| Pigs (porcine splenic lymphocytes cells in vitro) | Deoxynivalenol Zearaleone |
(1) 0.06, 0.3, 1.5, and 7.5 μg/mL DON (2) 0.08, 0.4, 2, and 10 μg/mL ZEA (3) DON + ZEA at 0.06 and 0.08 μg/mL, 0.3 and 0.4 μg/mL, and 1.5 and 2 μg/mL respectively |
↑ MDA ↓ GSH |
↓ SOD ↓ CAT ↓ GSH-Px |
[65] |
↓ = significant decrease; ↑ = significant increase; − = no significant alternations.