Table 4.
Selected studies presenting the effects of mycotoxins on the ruminants’ oxidative indices, antioxidant enzymes, and cellular function.
| Animal Species | Mycotoxin Tested | Levels | Oxidative Indices | Antioxidant Enzymes | Other Indices | Notes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy goats | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) Ochratoxin (OTA) Zearaleone (ZEA) |
50 μg AFB1/kg DMI 50 μg AFB1 + 100 μg OTA/kg DMI 50 μg AFB1 + 500 μg ZEA/kg DMI 50 μg AFB1 + 100 μg OTA + 500 μg ZEA/kg DMI |
↓ TAC ↑ MDA |
↓ SOD ↓ GSH-PX |
↑ ALT ↑ ALP ↑ TBIL ↑ IL-6 ↓ IgA |
OTA + AFB1 more detrimental than ZEA + AFB1 | [77] |
| Goats (kids) | T-2 toxin | 10 and 20 ppm | ↑ MDA (Lipid peroxidation) |
Liver, Intestines, Kidneys: ↑ CAT ↑ SOD |
2–3 months old | [84] | |
| Sheep (Peripartum period) | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) Ochratoxin (OTA) |
50 μg AFB1 + 100 μg OTA/kg DMI | ↓ TAC ↑ MDA |
↓ CAT ↓ SOD ↓ GSH-PX |
↓ TP ↓ ALB ↓ Chol ↑ ALT ↑ AST ↑ Urea |
Lambs’ mortality | [81] |
| Lambs | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 100 μg AFB1/kg DMI | ↓ GSH Liver ↓ GSH Duodenal |
↓ GSTs Liver and Duodenal ↓ GR Liver and Duodenal |
2 months old | [82] | |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) Zearaleone (ZEA) |
Level 1: 20.08 μg AFB1 + 80.13 μg ZEA/daily/cow Level 2: 40.16 μg AFB1 + 160.26 μg ZEA/daily/cow |
-MDA | -GSH-PX -SOD |
↓ GGT | -14 days interval -Late lactation |
[87] |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 20 or 40 μg AFB1/kg DMI (app. 20 kg DMI/day) |
↑ TAC ↑ MDA (40 μg) |
↓ SOD (40 μg) | -7 days contamination interval -Late lactation |
[89] | |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 20 or 40 μg AFB1/kg DMI (app. 17 kg DMI/day) |
↑ MDA | ↓ GSH-Px | -7 days contamination interval -Late lactation |
[90] | |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 20 μg AFB1/kg DMI (app. 24 kg DMI/day) |
↓ TAC ↑ MDA |
↓ SOD ↓ GSH-Px |
↓ IgG ↓ IgA |
-Early lactation -9 Weeks contamination interval |
[36] |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 5–20 ng/mL (TLC assay) |
↑ MDA | ↑ CAT ↓ GSH-Px |
↓ Total protein ↑ ALT ↑ AST ↑ ALP ↑ Creatine |
Naturally contaminated feeds | [92] |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 100 μg AFB1/kg DMI (21.9–23.4 kg DMI/day) |
↑ SOD | ↑ Glucose | -7 days contamination interval -Mid-lactation |
[34] | |
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 100 μg AFB1/kg DMI (21.4–22.8 kg DMI/day) |
↑ SOD | -3 days contamination interval -Mid-lactation -ingested through rumen canula |
[35] | ||
| Cows | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 100 μg AFB1/kg DMI (24.9 kg DMI/day) |
-SOD -GPX ↑ GPX1 (1) |
-Chol -Albumin -BUN ↑ NFkB (1) |
-Gene expression in Liver -Mid-late lactation -3 days contamination interval |
[99] | |
| Cows (bovine fetal hepatocytes cells in vitro) |
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | 3.6 μM AFB1 in 6 × 103 hepatocytes | ↑ MDA | -GSH-Px -CAT -SOD |
transcriptional profiles using RNA -seq | [93] | |
| Cows (bovine mammary epithelia cells in vitro) |
Deoxynivalenol (DON) | Cells were treated with DON (0.25 μg/mL) for 24 h | ↓ TAC ↑ MDA ↓ GSH |
↓ SOD | ↑ NFkB ↑ MyD88 ↑ TNF-α ↑ IL-1b ↑ IL-6 ↑ IL-8 |
-Higher cells’ apoptotic rate | [94] |
| Cows (bovine mammary epithelia cells in vitro) |
Deoxynivalenol (DON) | Cells were treated with DON (0.25 μg/mL) for 24 h | ↓ TAC ↑ MDA ↓ GSH |
↓ SOD1 (expres.) ↓ SOD2 (expres.) |
↑ NFkB ↑ COX-2 ↑ iNOS ↑ IL-1b ↑ IL-6 ↑ IL-8 ↑ TNF-α (Protein) |
-Incubated for 9 h. -Decreased cell viability and proliferation |
[95] |
| Cows in vitro (Peripheral blood mononuclear cells) |
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) Fumonisin B1 (FB1) |
0, 5, 20 μg/mL AFB1 0, 35, 70 μg/mL FB1 |
↑ MDA | ↓ SOD (expres.) ↓ GPX1 (expres.) AFB1 5 μg ↓ GPX1 (expres.) FB1 |
2- and 7-days incubation | [96] |
↓ = significant decrease; ↑ = significant increase; − = no significant alternations.