Table 2.
Nutrient comparison and Health Star Rating (HSR) per 100 g of breakfast cereals between 2013, 2015, 2018, and 2020 (median ± (IQR)).
| Category | Year | Number of Products | Energy (kJ) | Protein (g) | Total Fat (g) | Saturated Fat (g) | Carbohydrate (g) | Sugars (g) | Dietary Fibre (g) | Sodium (g) | HSR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biscuits and Bites | 2013 | 25 | 1516 (1490–1570) | 11 (9.3–12.4) | 1.6 (1.4–2.0) | 0.4 (0.3–1.0) | 68 (67–70.1) | 8.8 (2.7–21.4) | 10.1 (9–11) | 285.0 (35–380) | n/a |
| 2015 | 30 | 1555 (1490–1590) | 10.5 (9.2–12.4) | 1.8 (1.3–4.8) | 0.4 (0.3–1.3) | 67.1 (65.1–71.8) | 15 (2.9–21.6) | 9.3 (7.3–11) | 287.5 (200–350) | 4.3 (4–4.5) | |
| 2018 | 28 | 1490 (1475–1540) | 10.6 (9.5–12.4) | 1.8 (1.3–3) | 0.4 (0.3–0.9) | 67 (66.4–69.7) | 5.8 (2.5–17.1) | 10.5 (8.6–12.1) | 268.5 (205.5–350) | 4.5 (4–4.8) | |
| 2020 | 25 | 1490 (1470–1550) | 11 (10.1–12.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 0.3 (0.3–0.6) | 67 (66.4–68) | 8 (2.7–12.7) | 10.5 (8.3–11.1) | 270.0 (244–350) | 4 (3.5–4.5) | |
| p value | 0.047 * | 0.834 | 0.914 | 0.904 | 0.256 | 0.482 | 0.363 | 0.931 | 0.020 * | ||
| Brans | 2013 | 20 | 1440 (1380–1520) | 11.3 (9.4–15.6) | 3 (1.8–5.5) | 0.5 (0.5–1.1) | 56.2 (41.5–63.9) | 13.9 (5.8–25) | 16.4 (15.2–30) | 285 (43.5–360) | n/a |
| 2015 | 19 | 1420 (1370–1455) | 11 (8.9–13.1) | 2.7 (1.9–4.5) | 0.5 (0.4–1.0) | 62.8 (45.8–64.8) | 18.9 (13.8–25.2) | 15.3 (14.8–28.8) | 315 (272.5–364) | 4.3 (4–5) | |
| 2018 | 16 | 1425 (1380–1450) | 10.7 (8.8–12.8) | 2.6 (1.85–4.5) | 0.5 (0.4–1.0) | 60.4 (45–65.3) | 18.3 (14.4–28.5) | 16.7 (15.2–30.8) | 350 (272.5–367.5) | 4.8 (4.5–5) | |
| 2020 | 16 | 1450 (1365–1515) | 11.6 (9.1–13.6) | 3.4 (2.7–5.4) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 60 (43.3–63.6) | 17.9 (11.6–26.1) | 16.3 (15–30.8) | 267.5 (157.5–330) | 3.5 (2.5–4.8) | |
| p value | 0.617 | 0.793 | 0.607 | 0.432 | 0.778 | 0.504 | 0.904 | 0.221 | 0.020 * | ||
| Bubbles, Puffs, Flakes | 2013 | 101 | 1590 (1550–1630) | 8 (7.1–9.7) | 2.1 (1.3–4.2) | 0.5 (0.3–1.2) | 74.9 (69.2–82.2) | 19 (11–25.8) | 7.2 (3.9–9.6) | 260 (112–385) | n/a |
| 2015 | 120 | 1585 (1520–1635) | 8.2 (7.1–10.2) | 2.8 (1.6–5) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 72.4 (65.8–79.7) | 19.4 (11.2–25) | 8 (6.6–11) | 210 (90–310) | 4 (3.5–4.5) | |
| 2018 | 106 | 1605.5 (1560–1650) | 8.1 (7–10.1) | 2.7 (1.5–5) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 72.9 (67.9–81.3) | 20.5 (13.3–27.4) | 7.5 (4.1–9.9) | 247.5 (141–340) | 4 (3–4) | |
| 2020 | 126 | 1613.5 (1570–1650) | 8.2 (7.1–10.2) | 2.5 (1.6–4.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 74 (68–81.8) | 17.6 (10–23.1) | 7.4 (3.3.–9.1) | 216 (120–340) | 4 (3–4.5) | |
| p value | 0.018 * | 0.904 | 0.124 | 0.294 | 0.075 | 0.261 | 0.078 | 0.092 | 0.283 | ||
| Granola and Clusters | 2013 | 47 | 1750 (1640–1849) | 9.8 (9–11.4) | 13.9 (10–17) | 2.4 (1.9–3.9) | 58.9 (53.9–64.1) | 19.6 (16.4–22.8) | 9.1 (7.6–10.5) | 25 (13.5–90) | n/a |
| 2015 | 111 | 1750 (1659–1820) | 10.3 (8.9–11.5) | 13.6 (10.2–16.4) | 2.4 (1.7–3.8) | 60.4 (54.6–63.4) | 18.9 (15.9–21.5) | 8.2 (7–9.3) | 39 (14–105) | 4 (4–4) | |
| 2018 | 113 | 1800 (1730–1890) | 10.3 (8.9–11.6) | 15 (12.5–19.2) | 2.4 (1.8–3.7) | 58.8 (51.1–62.3) | 17 (13.7–20) | 8.1 (7–9.2) | 38 (11–115) | 4 (4–4) | |
| 2020 | 156 | 1820 (1740–1945) | 10.5 (9.4–12.2) | 16.4 (13.7–21.8) | 3 (2–5.3) | 56.3 (47.9–59.9) | 14.2 (11–17.9) | 8.3 (7.1–10.3) | 29.5 (11–84.5) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
| p value | 0.000 * | 0.069 | 0.000 * | 0.005 * | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.151 | 0.553 | 0.091 | ||
| Hot Cereal Flavoured | 2013 | 23 | 1590 (1513–1615) | 10.9 (9.6–11.8) | 6.7 (6.4–7.8) | 1.3 (1.2–1.9) | 65.6 (55.6–67.9) | 20.0 (10.7–25.3) | 8.2 (7.3–12.2) | 35 (6–43) | n/a |
| 2015 | 27 | 1618 (1600–1640) | 10.1 (9.5–11.2) | 6.8 (6.1–7.9) | 1.2 (1.2–1.7) | 67.4 (65.2–68.4) | 22.9 (15–24.6) | 7.8 (7.3–8.7) | 24 (12–38) | 4 (4–4) | |
| 2018 | 44 | 1610 (1560–1640) | 10.6 (9.5–12) | 7.6 (6.5–9.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.8) | 62.2 (56.5–66) | 12.4 (6.3–18.9) | 8.5 (7.1–10.2) | 7 (5–21) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
| 2020 | 63 | 1620 (1600–1640) | 10.9 (10.1–12.2) | 8.4 (7–11) | 1.5 (1.3–1.9) | 59.3 (53.6–65.5) | 11.5 (8.6–18.7) | 9 (7.4–10.7) | 14 (5–29.5) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
| p value | 0.020 * | 0.407 | 0.002 * | 0.075 | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.367 | 0.000 * | 0.418 | ||
| Hot Cereal Plain | 2013 | 33 | 1590 (1572–1600) | 12.3 (11–13.2) | 8.7 (7.8–8.8) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | 58.1 (55.7–61.4) | 1.0 (1–1.3) | 10.1 (9.7–12.5) | 5 (5–7) | n/a |
| 2015 | 38 | 1600 (1572–1650) | 12.4 (10.9–12.8) | 9 (8.5–9.4) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 56.7 (55.2–58.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.3) | 11.8 (10–12.9) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (5–5) | |
| 2018 | 44 | 1590 (1568.5–1628) | 12.8 (12.3–13.4) | 8.8 (7.3–9.2) | 1.6 (1.2–1.7) | 56.8 (55.5–58.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 11.4 (9.4–12.3) | 5 (3–5.5) | 5 (5–5) | |
| 2020 | 47 | 1590 (1570–1620) | 12.8 (12.5–13.4) | 8.9 (8.5–9.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 56.7 (55–57.6) | 1.0 (1.0–1.3) | 11.5 (10.2–12.2) | 5 (3–5) | 5 (4.5–5) | |
| p value | 0.361 | 0.046 * | 0.049 | 0.189 | 0.701 | 0.743 | 0.307 | 0.081 | 0.007 | ||
| Muesli | 2013 | 34 | 1590 (1538–1680) | 10.9 ± (9.8–11.6) | 9.4 (7–11.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.9) | 57.5 (52–59.6) | 16.1 (13–19.3) | 10.6 (8.3–11.3) | 27.5 (10–54) | n/a |
| 2015 | 68 | 1615 (1547.5–1705) | 10.8 (9.8–12.1) | 10.4 (8–12.9) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 57.1 (53.4–60.6) | 14.9 (12.1–17.3) | 10 (8.3–11.1) | 19 (8.5–46.5) | 4.5 (4–4.5) | |
| 2018 | 69 | 1610 (1530–1690) | 11.3 (9.9–12.4) | 10.1 (7.7–13) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 55.8 (50–59.4) | 13.2 (9.8–17.4) | 10.3 (8.1–11.7) | 15 (11–38) | 4.5 (4–4.5) | |
| 2020 | 80 | 1625 (1558.5–1745) | 11.7 (10.3–13) | 10.9 (8.3–16.6) | 1.7 (1.3–3.1) | 55.4 (47.4–57.9) | 13.4 (9.3–15.9) | 10.7 (9.1–12) | 16 (8–33.5) | 4 (3.3–4.5) | |
| p value | 0.265 | 0.014 * | 0.043 * | 0.428 | 0.017 * | 0.002 * | 0.174 | 0.374 | 0.000 * | ||
| Breakfast Biscuit | 2013 | 0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 2015 | 16 | 1855 (1795–1940) | 7.6 (6.4–8.5) | 15.3 (13.5–21.1) | 3.2 (1.5–10) | 65.9 (60.3–67.5) | 22.6 (18.5–27.9) | 6.5 (4.6–7.2) | 296.5 (159.5–329) | 3 (3–3.3) | |
| 2018 | 31 | 1850 (1815–1880) | 7.5 (6.2–8) | 15.4 (14.5–16.9) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 63.4 (60–67.1) | 18.4 (17.3–21.8) | 7.1 (5.2–9.1) | 250 (199–305) | 3 (3–3.5) | |
| 2020 | 31 | 1800 (1695–1885) | 7.7 (6.45–8.5) | 15.4 (14.5–18.5) | 2.4 (1.6–6.7) | 55 (49.5–66.7) | 18.4 (15.3–25.3) | 7.2 (5.4–11.4) | 227 (187–274.5) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
| p value | 0.222 | 0.472 | 0.845 | 0.054 | 0.006 * | 0.117 | 0.034 * | 0.446 | 0.000 * |
* Statistically significant (p < 0.05).