Table 2.

Types and application processes of new diets applied by endurance athletes.

Type	Other Terms Mentioned in Endurance Sport Research	Definition/Application	Ref.
Vegetarian diets
Vegetarian diet	Vegetarian diet	Excludes all meats but may allow some animal products.	[99]
Ovo-vegetarian diet	Not detected	Excludes all meat and dairy products from the diet, but allows eggs.	[99]
Lacto-vegetarian diet	Not detected	Excludes all meat and eggs from the diet, but allows dairy products.	[99]
Lacto-ovo vegetarian diet	Lacto-ovo vegetarian diet	Excludes all types of meat from the diet, but allows the consumption of eggs and dairy products.	[99]
Pesco-vegetarian diet	Not detected	Excludes all animal products from the diet except fish.	[99]
Flexitarian diet	Not detected	A diet that flexible in terms of the consumption of animal products and allow to consume them occasionally.	[99]
Vegan diet
Vegan diet	Vegan diet	Excludes all animal products from the diet.	[99]
High-fat diets
Ketogenic low-CHO high-fat diet	Ketogenic diet; low-CHO ketogenic diet; ketogenic low-carbohydrate diet; keto-adaptation; high-fat diet; low-carbohydrate diet; low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet	Consists of very low-CHO (20–50·g−1 day) and high-fat (75–80% of total energy) content with sufficient (15–20%) protein intake, resulting in increased ketone concentrations in blood named ketosis.	[5]
Non-ketogenic low-CHO high-fat diet	Non-ketogenic low-CHO high-fat diet, high-fat diet; low-carbohydrate diet	Consists of low-CHO (15–20% of total energy) and high-fat (60–65% of total energy) content with sufficient (15–20%) protein intake.	[5]
Acute ketone body supplementation	Ketone ester supplementation, ketone salt supplementation, a ketone monoester supplement, ketone diester ingestion, an exogenous ketone supplement	Creates exogenous ketosis, is applied in forms of either ketone salts or ketone esters.	[126]
CHO restoration following fat adaptation	Fat adaptation followed by CHO loading, keto-adaptation and glycogen restoration	A diet that is consumed a high-CHO diet for 1–3 days, and followed by a ketogenic or non-ketogenic high-fat diet for 5 to 14 days.	[5]
Intermittent fasting diets
Complete alternate-day fasting	Intermittent fasting	Includes alternate fasting days (does not allow foods and drink consumption), and eating days (allow food and drink consumption ad libitum).	[127]
Modified fasting	Not detected	Includes a nocturnal fasting period of 16/18/20 h and an ad libitum-eating period of 8/6/4 h, (e.g., 5:2 diet, which includes 5 days (allows for food and drink consumption ad libitum) and 2 non-consecutive days (allows the consumption of 20–25% of energy needs ad libitum)).	[127]
Time-restricted eating	Time-restrictive eating (16/8)	Allows food or beverages at certain time periods, including regular, extended intervals (e.g., 16:8 diet with 16 h of fasting without energy intake and 8 h of food intake ad libitum).	[127]
Religious fasting	Ramadan intermittent fasting, Ramadan fast, Ramadan fasting	Comprises several fasting regimens based on specific religious and spiritual purposes (e.g., Ramadan fasting involving a fasting period from sunrise to sunset).	[127]
Gluten-free diet		Complete exclusion of gluten and gluten-containing products.	[128]
Low-FODMAP diet
Long-term FODMAP elimination	A low-FODMAP diet, low-FODMAP foods	-(1) FODMAP restriction for 2 to 6 weeks from the athletes’ diet. -(2) reintroduction the restricted high-FODMAP foods step by step. -(3) individualize the athletes’ diet according to response against the first and second stages.	[129]
Short-term FODMAP elimination	24 h low-FODMAP diet	A strict FODMAP diet for 1 to 3 days before intensive training or races.	[129]

CHO: carbohydrate, FODMAP: fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols.