. 2021 Feb 2;11(2):373. doi: 10.3390/ani11020373

Table 5.

Concentration-dependent effects of proline supplements on reaction times (libido), semen physical variables, and seminal plasma redox status indicators in rabbit bucks; data are expressed as least square means ± standard errors of the mean (SEM).

Variable ^†	Proline Concentration ^‡				SEM	p-Value ^§
	Proline Concentration ^‡					T	Contrast
	P0	P50	P100	P150		T	L	Q	C
Reaction time(s)	15.46 ^a	13.71 ^b	12.46 ^b	12.67 ^b	0.371	<0.001	<0.001	0.213	0.236
Physical variables
Volume (mL)	0.51 ^b	0.58 ^b	0.65 ^a	0.66 ^a	0.031	0.002	<0.001	0.314	0.607
SCon (10⁶/mL)	278.96 ^b	323.33 ^a	326.67 ^a	336.83 ^a	8.121	<0.001	<0.001	0.239	0.193
Progressive motility (%)	63.33 ^b	69.04 ^a	71.04 ^a	65.83 ^ab	1.297	<0.001	0.201	<0.001	0.668
Live sperm (%)	68.33 ^b	75.63 ^a	76.83 ^a	71.67 ^ab	1.552	0.003	0.147	<0.001	0.697
Abnormal sperm (%)	15.54 ^a	12.33 ^b	11.46 ^b	13.67 ^ab	0.514	<0.001	0.200	<0.001	0.332
Non-intact acrosome (%)	10.63 ^a	8.97 ^b	8.71 ^b	9.29 ^ab	0.380	0.002	0.230	0.002	0.394
TSO (10⁶/ejaculate)	141.27 ^ab	187.35 ^a	213.89 ^a	223.93 ^a	14.63	<0.001	<0.001	0.223	0.963
TMS (10⁶/ejaculate)	89.49 ^b	132.54 ^a	151.93 ^a	147.66 ^a	9.60	<0.001	0.273	0.017	0.999
TFSF (10⁶/ejaculate)	75.61 ^b	116.06 ^a	132.92 ^a	127.29 ^a	8.37	<0.001	0.097	0.008	0.977
Redox status indicators
TAC (mM/l)	0.987 ^c	1.127 ^b	1.40 ^a	1.38^ab	0.023	<0.001	0.240	0.340	0.006
MDA(nmol/mL)	14.91	12.83	13.27	13.17	0.398	0.096	0.061	0.847	0.727

Mean values followed by different superscript letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05). ^† SCon, sperm concentration; TSO, total sperm output = semen ejaculate volume (mL) × semen concentration (10⁶/mL); TMS, total motile sperm = percentage of motile sperm × total sperm output (10⁶/ejaculate); TFSF, total functional sperm fraction = total sperm output (10⁶/ejaculate) × percentage of forward motility × percentage of normal sperm morphology TAC, total antioxidant capacity; MDA, malondialdehyde. ^‡ P0, P50, P100, and P150 indicate 0-, 50-, 100-, and 150-mg proline/kg DM; respectively. ^§ T, treatment; L, linear response; Q, quadratic response; C, cubic response.