Table A1.

Glossary of Inka terms used in the text and alternate spellings that are often used.

Used in This Text; Alternate Spellings	Definition
Aqllakuna; acllacona, acllakuna	Young women specifically chosen at a young age for their beauty [12,64], trained by older women to weave and perform religious duties. At puberty they were divided into groups, some married local lords, the more desirable were sent to Cusco for further training, destined to serve the gods [65,66,67], or be a servant and concubine to the Sapa Inka [8].
Ayllu	Indigenous kin group of the Andes. Approximate Quechua translation = “kin-group” [8]. Can refer to a village, a collection of large families living in a given area defined by agriculture, a kin group or a class-like organisation [8].
-kuna; -cona	Plural suffix [68].
Kuraka; curaca, koraka, cacique	Approximately Indigenous leader, chief or lord of a certain region and the subjects that lived there. Lower nobles of the aristocracy class who had been conquered (as opposed to the blood Inkas of the aristocracy) [8].
Hanan	In general, upper moiety of a town, city or settlement [14].
Hurin	In general, lower moiety of a town, city or settlement [14].
Inka; Inca, Inga, Ynga	(1) Founding Inka royal family and their ethnic descendants and relatives [7]. (2) Ruling class of people inhabiting Cusco valley from late 1100s to 1532 [7]. (3) One who operates for the Inka state, advancing the Inka way over colonised peoples [7]. (4) Any person of the Inka empire [7].
Quipu; khipu, kipu	A system by which the Inkas kept records of various things with knots made in string [1].
Mitayoq; mitayoc	Temporary workers who came from their original provinces to work state farms and perform labour tribute (mit’a) [14].
Mitmaqkuna; mitmakuna, mitmacona, mitmaes	Newcomer, outsider. Refers to individuals relocated by Inka resettlement policy to a new region under the command of a new kuraka. Later confused by Spanish with mitayoq [14].
Quechua; quichua, kichwa, kkechuwa	Major language family of the Andes. Spoken natively throughout many regions of Peru prior to Inka expansion [69,70]. Lingua franca during the Inka empire [69].
Sapa Inka; Sapa Inca	“Sole” or “unique” Inka, the sovereign, analogous to a king or emperor [2].
Tawantinsuyu; Tahuantinsuyu	The name given to the Inka Empire. Tawa = four; suyu = territory, “the four regions” [71].
Yanakuna; yanacona	Individuals who were separated from their home communities and assigned permanently to state or aristocratic service [2,12]. Their status was not inherited but may have been used as punishment for resisting, since social separation threatened one’s reconnection to the homeland in the afterlife. They could also attain other positions of higher responsibility like government functionaries [2].