Table 3.

Constraints identified for implementation of recommended basic biosecurity measures based on literature cited in the text and personal experience of the authors.

Recommended Biosecurity Measure	Identified Constraints
Permanent confinement of pigs in pig-proof pens	Cost and labour of providing housing, feed and water Socio-cultural norms and practices
Purchase of pigs from known safe sources	Lack of information about pigs sold through agents and live markets Lack of choices for sourcing pigs
Provision of safe feed	Commercial rations not available or affordable Tradition of keeping pigs as a natural and ecological converter of food waste into a valuable asset Swill consisting of leftover catering waste is the most affordable feed Heating swill before feeding is expensive in terms of the fuel used
Safe disposal of pig carcasses and offal	Lack of waste disposal services Resistance to disposing of meat considered edible Cost and labour for burning or burying Socio-cultural norms and practices
Restricting access to pigs	Sale through agents may be the only option Socio-cultural norms and practices
Use of disinfection and protective clothing	Lack of funds to purchase disinfectants and protective clothing Disinfectants may not be available Not possible if pigs are not confined