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. 2021 Feb 3;22(4):1507. doi: 10.3390/ijms22041507

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effects of NLR ligands iE-DAP and MDP on human basophils, bronchial epithelial cells and their co-culture in vitro. NLR ligands upregulate adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in basophils and bronchial epithelial cells with or without IL-33; hence, they facilitate cell adhesion, chemotaxis and migration of leucocytes to the inflammatory lung. NLR ligands also activate bronchial epithelial cells to increase the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and CXCL8, as well as antimicrobial peptide β-defensin 2 in the co-culture of basophils/bronchial epithelial cells. * The increase in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on basophils in the co-culture system is also observed upon iE-DAP stimulation. ^ No significant difference in ICAM-1 expression or IL-6, CXCL8 or β-defensin 2 released from basophils or bronchial epithelial cells upon MDP stimulation. ◊ Results varied across publications.