Table 2.
Associations between dietary consumption and ASD case status using Conditional Logistic Regression (CLR) (266 matched pairs).
| Exposure Variables | Category | ASD Case n (%) |
TD Control n (%) |
MOR | 95% CI | P-Value c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source of drinking water a | Piped water | 207 (77.8) | 226 (85.3) | 0.78 | (0.39, 1.56) | 0.48 | |
| Source of water for cooking a | Piped water | 244 (91.7) | 252 (95.1) | 0.55 | (0.26, 1.15) | 0.11 | |
| Fruits and vegetables consumption b | Root vegetables | Yam, sweet potato, or dasheen | 154 (58.1) | 174 (65.4) | 0.71 | (0.49, 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Carrot or pumpkin | 204 (77.0) | 231 (86.8) | 0.52 | (0.33, 0.82) | 0.01 | ||
| Leafy vegetables | Lettuce | 119 (44.9) | 167 (62.8) | 0.42 | (0.28, 0.63) | <0.01 | |
| Callaloo, broccoli, or pakchoi | 192 (72.4) | 223 (83.8) | 0.48 | (0.31, 0.76) | <0.01 | ||
| Cabbage | 128 (48.3) | 157 (59.0) | 0.60 | (0.42, 0.88) | <0.01 | ||
| Fruits | Tomatoes | 151 (56.9) | 196 (73.7) | 0.46 | (0.32, 0.68) | <0.01 | |
| Ackee | 119 (44.9) | 182 (68.4) | 0.32 | (0.21, 0.48) | <0.01 | ||
| Avocado | 110 (41.5) | 173 (65.0) | 0.34 | (0.23, 0.51) | <0.01 | ||
| Green banana | 153 (57.7) | 180 (67.7) | 0.63 | (0.44, 0.91) | 0.01 | ||
| Fried plantains | 189 (71.3) | 228 (85.7) | 0.42 | (0.27, 0.66) | <0.01 | ||
| Seafood consumption | High seafood consumption (more than 6 meals per week) | 58 (21.8) | 76 (28.6) | 0.67 | (0.44, 1.02) | 0.06 | |
| Ate salt water fish | 170 (63.9) | 185 (69.6) | 0.73 | (0.49, 1.10) | 0.13 | ||
| Ate fresh water fish (pond fish, tilapia) | 95 (35.7) | 86 (32.3) | 1.20 | (0.81, 1.77) | 0.37 | ||
| Ate sardine, mackerel (canned fish) | 200 (75.2) | 227 (85.3) | 0.53 | (0.34, 0.82) | <0.01 | ||
| Ate tuna (canned fish) | 80 (30.1) | 92 (34.6) | 0.80 | (0.55, 1.17) | 0.25 | ||
| Ate salted fish (pickled mackerel) | 175 (65.8) | 214 (80.5) | 0.49 | (0.33, 0.72) | <0.01 | ||
| Ate shellfish (lobsters, crabs) | 14 (5.3) | 36 (13.5) | 0.35 | (0.18, 0.68) | <0.01 | ||
| Ate shrimp | 30 (11.3) | 46 (17.3) | 0.63 | (0.39, 1.02) | 0.06 | ||
a Data missing for one TD control; b For all variables under fruits and vegetables consumption data were missing for one ASD case; c P-values are based on Wald’s test in conditional logistic regression models that compares the distribution of dietary consumption between ASD case and TD control groups.