Table 1.

MNP parameters and the corresponding characterization techniques. Adapted from [15,16]. See list of acronyms at the end of the document.

Structural Properties
Particle, core and aggregate size	TEM, XRD, DLS, NTA, SAXS, HRTEM, SEM, AFM, EXAFS, FMR, DCS, MALDI, NMR, TRPS, EPLS, magnetic susceptibility
Morphology	TEM, HRTEM, AFM, EPLS, FMR, 3D-tomography
Elemental-chemical composition	XRD, XPS, ICP-MS, ICP-OES, SEM-EDX, NMR, MFM, LEIS
Crystallinity	XRD, EXAFS, HRTEM, electron diffraction, STEM
Structural defects	HRTEM, EBSD
Chemical state–oxidation state	XAS, EELS, XPS, Mössbauer
Ligand-binding, surface composition	XPS, FTIR, NMR, SIMS, FMR, TGA, SANS
Colloidal Properties
Hydrodynamic and aggregate size	NTA, DLS, DCS, UV-vis, SEM, TEM, Cryo-TEM
3D visualization	3D-tomography, AFM, SEM
MNP charge	Zeta potential, EPM
Element concentration	ICP-MS, UV-vis, RMM-MEMS, PTA, DCS, TRPS
Magnetic Properties
Quasi-static magnetization properties	SQUID, VSM, Mössbauer, MFM, FMR, XMCD,
Dynamical magnetization properties	AC susceptometry and magnetometry, magnetorelaxometry, magnetic particle spectroscopy
Magnetic losses	AC calorimetry, AC susceptometry and magnetometry