Table 1.

OncomiRs in lung cancer.

	MicroRNA	MicroRNA Targets and Mechanism	Role in Carcinogenesis	Ref.
1	2	3	4	5
1	cluster of microRNA miR-17-92 (miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a and miR-92a)	miR-19a, miR-19b-1 hsa-miR-20a, and miR-92a inhibit translation of the messenger RNA encoding the tumor suppressor PTEN, enhancing cell proliferation and survival. miR-20a targets RNA encoding the E2F2/E2F3 transcription factors, which play a leading role in the regulation of the cell cycle. Repression of the TGF-β antiproliferative signaling pathway: miR-17 and miR-20a target TGF-β-receptor II (TGFBRII), miR-18a targets the participants of this signaling pathway Smad2 and Smad4; miR-18a and miR-19 directly inhibit the antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1).	Proliferation, cell survival, angiogenesis	[35]
2	miR-155	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding SHIP1 (negative regulator of proliferation) to promote cell growth; C/EBPβ (transcriptional activator for mir-143, which targets one of the main glycolysis enzymes—hk2); TP53INP1 (tumor suppressor regulating autophagy and apoptosis) leads to the inhibition of cell death; MSH2 and MSH6 (key misfit repair proteins) lead to decreased repair; FOXO3 (a transcription factor that regulates genes whose products are involved in apoptosis—for example, Bim and PUMA) leads to avoidance of apoptosis, SOCS1 (negative regulator of cytokine signal transduction) leads to increased proliferation; increases TNF-α levels by binding to the 3′ UTR region of mRNA and increasing transcript stability; with the participation of histone deacetylase HDAC2, represses BRCA1 transcription, which leads to a decrease in repair	Inhibition of apoptosis, proliferation metastases, Warburg effect	[42,43,44]
3	miR-125b	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNAs encoding p53 and proapoptotic proteins Bak1 and Puma; inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding the oncosuppressor p14ARF	Avoidance of apoptosis, proliferation	[50]
4	miR-504	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding p53	Avoidance of apoptosis, proliferation	[49]
5	miR-622	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding Rb protein	Avoidance of apoptosis	[52]
6	miR -103	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding proapoptotic protein Bax	Avoidance of apoptosis	[54]
7	miR-197	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding NOXA and BMF	Avoidance of apoptosis	[55,56]
8	miR-494	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding PTEN and subsequent activation of the Akt/eNOS pathway	Angiogenic effect	[68]
9	miR-222	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1	Proliferation	[46,47]
10	miR-10b	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding the homeobox D10, which increases expression prometastatic gene RHOC	Lung metastases	[83]
11	miR-652-3p	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding the Lgl1 protein, which promotes cell adhesion and inhibits cell migration by suppressing the expression of MMP2 and MMP14 and the re-expression of E-cadherin	Metastases	[102]
12	miR-98-5p	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding TGFBR1	Proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 and H1299 cell lines	[64]
13	miR-27a	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding ATM	Cell survival and cell cycle progression	[113]
14	miR-346	Inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding XPC	Promotion tumor growth	[110]