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. 2021 Feb 3;10(2):308. doi: 10.3390/cells10020308

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The biosynthetic pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoid from methylerthritol-4-phosphate (MEP) in plants. MEP pathway, methylerthritol-4-phosphate pathway; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The enzymes investigated in this study are: CHLH, magnesium chelatase; CHLM, magnesium-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase; CHL27, Mg-Proto IX monomethyl ester cyclase; PORA, protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A; CS, chlorophyll synthase; CAO, chlide a oxygenase; GGDR, geranylgeranyl reductase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; LCYb, lycopene β-cyclase; LCYe, lycopene ε-cyclase; HYb, β-ring hydroxylase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase.