. 2021 Feb 27;20:10. doi: 10.1186/s12942-021-00265-1

Table 2.

Simulation Study Results: Relative bias (Bias), RMSE, and 95% coverage (Cov.) of the risk difference under various spatial variances (rows) and estimation methods (columns)

	Non-spatial						Spatial
	Unadjusted			Adjusted			Unadjusted			Adjusted
	Bias	RMSE	Cov.	Bias	RMSE	Cov.	Bias	RMSE	Cov.	Bias	RMSE	Cov.
$σ_{u}^{2} = 0$	0.043	0.005	96	0.040	0.005	95	0.035	0.004	95	0.050	0.006	94
$σ_{u}^{2} = 2$	0.084	0.011	77	0.085	0.011	75	0.064	0.009	90	0.052	0.007	92
$σ_{u}^{2} = 4$	0.096	0.012	70	0.100	0.012	66	0.064	0.008	93	0.049	0.006	95

$σ_{u}^{2} = 0$ represents a non-spatial scenario that excludes county-level covariates $V_{i}$ and $U_{i}$ . $σ_{u}^{2} = 2$ and $σ_{u}^{2} = 4$ represent spatial scenarios that include county-level covariates $V_{i}$ and $U_{i}$ where the spatial variance of $U_{i}$ is either 2 or 4, respectively