Table 1.
Characteristics of the respondents
| Characteristics of respondents | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Control site | WASH action site | All respondents | |
| n = 309 (%) | n = 316 (%) | N = 625 (%) | |
| Gender (%) | |||
| Male | 71 (23) | 111 (35.1) | 182 (29) |
| Female | 238 (77) * | 205 (64.9) * | 444 (71) |
| Age (years; mean ± SD) | |||
| 24–50 | 33.71 ± 8.74 | 33.86 ± 8.48 | 33.73 ± 8.68 |
| 51–98 | 60.17 ± 8.51 | 62.73 ± 9.25 | 61.27 ± 8.88 |
| Marita status | |||
| Married | 205 (66.3) | 209 (66.1) | 414 (66.2) |
| Divorced | 22 (7.1) | 21 (6.7) | 43 (6.9) |
| Widower | 32 (10.4) | 15 (4.7) | 47 (7.5) |
| Single with child/children | 28 (9.1) | 37 (11.7) | 65 (10.4) |
| Single without child | 22 (7.1) | 34 (10.8) | 56 (8.9) |
| Education | |||
| No education | 19 (6.1) | 45 (14.2) | 64 (10.2) |
| Primary | 37 (12) | 48 (15.2) | 85 (13.6) |
| High school | 203 (65.7) | 201 (65) | 404 (64.6) |
| College/university | 40 (12.9) | 14 (4.5) | 54 (8.6) |
| Technical/professional school | 10 (3.2) | 8 (2.5) | 18 (3) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoked | 306 (99) | 284 (89.9) | 590 (94.4) |
| Has quit (> 36 months) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (4.7) | 15 (2.4) |
| Yes | 3 (1) | 17 (5.4) | 20 (3.2) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Never | 257 (83.1) * | 207 (65.5) | 464 (74.2) |
| Has quit (over 36 months) | 15 (4.7) | 22 (3.5) | |
| At most 2 glasses/day | 7 (2.3) | 53 (16.8) | 73 (11.7) |
| More than 2 glasses/day |
20 (6.5) 25 (8.1) |
41 (13) | 66(10.6) |
|
Physical activity (≥ 20 min 2x/week) No |
209 (67.6) | 105 (33.2) | 316 (50.6) |
| Yes | 100 (32.4) | 211 (66.8) | 309 (49.41) |
| Characteristics of the households | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Household characteristics | Control site (Kasangulu) |
WASH action site (Mbanza-Ngungu) |
All households |
| n = 309 (%) | N = 316 (%) | N = 625 (%) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Household/family size | |||
| 1–5 | 126 (40.8) | 152 (48.1) | 278 (44.5) |
| 6–10 | 153 (49.5) | 148 (46.8) | 301 (48.2) |
| ≥ 11 | 30 (9.7) | 16 (5.1) | 46 (7.4) |
| Monthly income (US$) < 100 | 221 (44.38) | 277 (55.62) | 498 (79.68) |
| 100 or higher | 79 (62.20) | 48 (37.80) | 127 (20.32) |
| WASH status/ cleanliness of residential environment | |||
| Latrine type (n = 603) | |||
| Appropriate with flushing system | 8 (2.6) | 5 (1.6) | 13 (2.1) |
| Appropriate with manual watering system | 47 (15.2) | 99 (31.3) | 146 (23) |
| Inappropriate but covered | 68 (22) | 54 (17.1) | 122 (19.5)122 (19.5) |
| Inappropriate and uncovered | 177 (57.3) | 126 (39.9) | 303 (48.5) |
| No latrine | 5 (1.6) | 14 (4.4) | 19 (3) |
| Other/ no answer | 4 (1.3) | 11 (3.5) | 22 (3.5) |
| Shared latrine? (n = 625) | |||
| Yes | 49 (22.69) | 167 (77.31) * | 216 (34.56) |
| No | 260 (63.73) | 149 (36.43) | 409 (65.44) |
| Ecological feature of residence area | |||
| Proximity to river | 42 (13.6) | 17 (5.4) | 59 (9.4) |
| Proximity to/residence on mountain/hill | 20 (6.5) | 4 (1.3) | 24 (3.8) |
| Proximity to garden, grass/bush | 66 (21.3) | 88 (27.8) | 154 (24.6) |
| Proximity—stagnant water spot | 54 (17.5) | 92 (29.1) | 146 (23.4) |
| Proximity or residence in slum | 20 (6.5) | 15 (4.7) | 35 (5.6) |
| Proximity to river and mountain | 38 (12.3) | 4 (1.3) | 42 (6.7) |
| Proximity—river and slum | 49 (15.8) | 20 (6.3) | 69 (11) |
| Nothing particular | 11 (3.6) | 64 (20.2) | 75 (12) |
| Other/no answer | 9 (2.9) | 12 (3.8) | 21 (3.4) |
| Periodic cleansing in residential area | |||
| Yes | 5 (11.6) | 10 (3.2) | 15 (2.4) |
| No | 304 (98.4) | 296 (95.8) | 610 (97.6) |
| Other/no answer | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) |
| Cleanliness of residential area | |||
| Good | 135 (43.7) | 13 (4.1) | 148 (23.6) |
| Acceptable | 139 (45) | 222 (70.3) | 361 (57.8) |
| Not acceptable | 35 (11.3) | 81 (25.6) | 116 (18.6) |
| Other/no answer | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Frequency of mosquito bites | |||
| High frequency | 86 (27.8) | 134 (42.4)* | 220 (35.2) |
| Moderate | 184 (59.5) | 153 (48.4) | 337 (53.9) |
| No bite or rare | 38 (12.3) | 29 (9.2) | 67 (10.7) |
| Other/no answer | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) |
*p value less than 0.05