Table 2.
Comparison of self-reported symptomsa between cases and controls
| Cases: Celiac disease antibody positive participantsb | Controls | OR (95% CI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 169 | 676 | |
| % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | ||
| Tiredness | |||
| Yes | 29.9 (50/167) | 26.9 (180/670) | 1.14 (0.79–1.66) |
| No | 70.1 (117/167) | 73.1 (490/670) | Ref |
| Self-perceived health | |||
| Very good/excellent | 26.2 (38/145) | 30.1 (178/592) | Ref |
| Good | 66.2 (96/145) | 57.6 (341/592) | 1.37 (0.90–2.10) |
| Fair/poor | 7.6 (11/145) | 12.3 (73/592) | 0.73 (0.35–1.52) |
| Headache | |||
| Yes | 54.4 (81/149) | 51.1 (314/615) | 1.32 (0.80–2.18) |
| No | 45.6 (68/149) | 48.9 (301/615) | Ref |
| Abdominal pain | |||
| Yes | 24.9 (41/165) | 27.1 (181/669) | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) |
| No | 75.2 (124/165) | 72.9 (488/669) | Ref |
| Bloating | |||
| Yes | 65.8 (77/117) | 64.0 (301/470) | 1.12 (0.72–1.74) |
| No | 34.2 (40/117) | 36.0 (169/470) | Ref |
| Reflux | |||
| Yes | 44.3 (31/70) | 39.0 (112/287) | 1.26 (0.73–2.17) |
| No | 55.7 (39/70) | 61.0 (175/287) | Ref |
| Rumbling | |||
| Yes | 42.0 (66/157) | 42.3 (294/622) | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) |
| No | 58.0 (91/157) | 52.7 (328/622) | Ref |
| Alternating stool | |||
| Yes | 68.0 (106/156) | 67.6 (421/623) | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) |
| No | 32.1 (50/156) | 32.4 (202/623) | Ref |
| Nausea | |||
| Yes | 23.8 (10/42) | 20.4 (34/167) | 1.23 (0.54–2.82) |
| No | 76.2 (32/42) | 79.6 (133/167) | Ref |
aThe information on self-reported symptoms were collected in questionnaires answered by the participants prior to examination and blood sample collection
bThe participants were screened for celiac disease antibodies by EliA™ Celikey® tissue transglutaminase (TTG) anti-IgA and anti-IgG assays and deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) anti-IgG assays. Celiac disease antibody positive were defined as IgG-DGP ≥ 10.0 U/mL and/or IgA-TTG/IgG-TTG ≥ 7.0 U/mL. 5 of the 16,776 participants had a diagnosis of celiac disease in the national patient register, they were all celiac disease antibody negative and were excluded before matching. Cases were matched without replacement on age (5 years range), sex and study to 4 controls
cConditional logistic regression for comparison of cases with controls giving odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)