Table 1.

Changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins in mood disorders.

Interleukin	Major Depressive Disorder	Bipolar Disorder
		Depression	Euthymia	Mania
Interleukin 1 beta	↑ IL-1β [28]	↑ IL-1β [29]	↑ IL-1β [30,31,32,33]	↓ IL-1β [29,34]
	↔ IL-1β [35,36,37,38]	↔IL-1β [34]	↔ IL-1β [39]
Interleukin 6	↑ IL-6 [32,35,36,37,40]	↑IL-6 [29,34]	↑ IL-6 [32,33,41]	↑IL-6 [29,32,41,42,43,44]
			↔IL-6 [38,39]	↓IL-6 [34]
Soluble form of interleukin 6 receptor	↑sIL-6R [45]	N/A	↑sIL-6R [30]	N/A
Tumor necrosis factor alpha	↑TNF-α [35,36,37,40]	↑TNF-α [29,34,42]	↑TNF-α [30,33]	↑TNF-α [29,30,41,42,43,44,46]
			↔TNF-α [31,38]
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	↑CCL2 [37,47]	↑CCL2 [29]	↑CCL2 [45,48,49]	↑CCL2 [29]
		↔CCL2 [30]	↔CCL2 [30,38]	↔CCL2 [30]
			↓CCL2 [50]
C-C motif chemokine ligand 3	↔CCL3 [37,47]	N/A	↑CCL3 [50]	N/A
			↔CCL3 [51]
C-C motif chemokine ligand 5	↔CCL5 [37,47]	N/A	N/A	N/A
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	↑CXCL8 [47]	↑CXCL8 [42]	↑CXCL8 [33,42]	↑CXCL8 [42]
			↔ CXCL8 [30]
			↓CXCL8 [52]
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9	↔ CXCL9 [47]	↓CXCL9 [53]	↑CXCL9 [52]	↓CXCL9 [53]
			↔CXCL9 [53]
Interferon gamma	↔IFN-γ [35,36]	N/A	↑IFN-γ [33]	↑IFN-γ [43]
	↓IFN-γ [37]		↔IFN-γ [39,41]
Interleukin 4	↔IL-4 [35,36]	↑IL-4 [29]	↑IL-4 [39,50]	↑IL-4 [29,34]
			↔IL-4 [38,41]	↔IL-4 [41] ↓IL-4 [44]
Transforming growth factor beta	N/A	↑TGF-β [53]	↑TGF-β [33]	↑TGF-β [53]
			↔TGF-β [53]
			↓TGF-β [50]

↑—a significant increase in the interleukin level; ↓—a significant decrease in the interleukin level; ↔—no significant changes in the interleukin level. N/A—data not available.