Table 2.

Role of PINK1 in diabetic kidney disease.

Cell Type	Experimental Models	Animals’ Age or Week after Induction of Diabetes	PINK1 Expression Level	Phenotype	Role of PINK1	Ref.
PTECs	Renal proximal tubular epithelial cell lines HK-2 (human) and LLC-PK1 (porcine), STZ-induced diabetic mice	2 months	Decreased	The expression of PINK1, punctate LC3 and Mfn2 were decreased while the expression of Drp1 and Fis1 were upregulated, in the tubular of STZ-induced diabetic mice, which were normalized by inhibition of MIOX by D-glucarate.	Mitophagy	[63]
	Renal proximal tubular epithelial cell lines HK-2 (human), db/db mice	24 weeks of age	Decreased	The reduced expression of PINK, Parkin, LC3 II, Mfn2 and increased expression of Drp1 were found in the kidney of db/db mice, which were reversed by MitoQ.	Mitophagy	[64]
	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat	4 weeks	Increased	The increase expression in PINK1 and Drp1 were found in STZ-treated rats, which was associated with the loss of renal calpain 10.	Mitophagy	[65]
	db/db mice	21 weeks old	Increased	The expression of PINK1, Parkin, LC-3II, Drp-1, Fis-1, and MFF were increased in the kidneys of db/db mice, which were ameliorated by Astragaloside IV.	Mitophagy	[66]
	db/db mice	12 weeks	Increased	The expression of PINK1, Parkin, and Drp1 were upregulated in the db/db mice, which were reduced after Huangqi-Danshen decoction treatment.	Mitophagy	[67]
Podocytes	Mouse podocyte cell line, STZ-induced type 1 diabetes	8 weeks	Decreased	The decreased expression of PINK1 and increased apoptosis were found in HG treated podocytes and STZ induced mice, which were reversed by overexpression of FoxO1.	Mitophagy	[68]
	A mouse podocyte cell line (CIMPs), STZ-induced type 1 diabetes	12 weeks	Decreased	The expression of PINK1, Parkin, LC3I/II, and Mfn1 were decreased while the expression of Drp-1 and p62 were increased in HG-treated CIMPs and STZ-induced diabetic mice. However, these effects were reversed by FoxO1 overexpression.	Mitophagy	[69]
	Human renal biopsy samples, Human podocytes, STZ-induced type 1 diabetes	12 weeks	Decreased	The expression of PINK1, PARK2, PGC-1α and Sirt1 were decreased in HG-treated podocytes and in STZ induced diabetic mice, which were increased after rPGRN administration.	Mitophagy	[70]
	mouse podocyte cell line (MPC5), high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats	20 weeks of age	Increased	The expression of PINK1, Parkin, Beclin1, Atg5 and LC3 were increased PA treated podocytes and kidneys of HFD rats.	Mitophagy	[71]