Table 2.

Studies correlating the infill parameters with the textural properties of the printed products.

Material	Printer	Structure Pattern	Parameters Studied	Effects on the Printed Products	Reference
Cereal	3D printer Delta 2039	Parallelepiped with internal cubes	- Void number (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12); - Void position	- Pore size and position influence the printed products; - Porosity presents a negative influence on weight, moisture, and water activity; - Porosity influences hardness which decreases with the decrease in the relative density of the printed products; - Increase in dough porosity during baking (exterior to the model) accounts for the decrease in hardness.	[62]
Dough	3D printer	Cube, Cone, and Sphere	- Compressive pressure (300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 kPa); - Needle velocity (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mm/s); - Needle diameter (0.25, 0.41, 0.58, 0.84, and 1.19 mm); - Infill levels (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100%)	- Best printing results at 600 kPa, 6 mm/s printing speed, 0.58 mm nozzle diameter, and 50% infill level; - Addition of olive oil and mango powder causes a decrease in hardness but an increase in elasticity and resilience of the printed product; - The printing process leads to further reduction in the hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, and resilience.	[76]
Dark chocolate	Printer with rotary extrusion (Porimy 1.0)	Cylinder with Star, Hilbert curve, and Honeycomb internal patterns	- Infill levels (5, 30, 60, and 100%); - Infill patterns	- Infill level influences the weight of the printed product, which in turn influences the void on the structures; - Increasing infill percentage causes an increase in the weight of the prints and decrease the void fraction on the structures; - Increasing the infill level also increases the hardness of the products but even a 100% infill presents lower hardness than cast chocolate; - Star and honeycomb patterns provide the most stability and hardness at 60% infill to the printed results.	[35,85]
Brown rice with xanthan gum and guar gum	3D Printer	Cylinder with crossing lines	- Nozzle diameter (0.84, 1.2, and 1.56 mm); - Perimeters (3, 5, and 7); - Infill level (15, 45, and 75%)	- Nozzle diameter and perimeter affect the printed structures’ height and diameter; - All parameters positively impact the weight of the products; - Faster printing speeds can be achieved using wider nozzles at lower infill densities and perimeters, but can cause dimensional deviations; - All tested parameters affect the samples’ texture (hardness and gumminess), with the infill level exerting the biggest effect.	[20]
Yam and Potato	Dual nozzle extrusion printer (Shinnove -D1)	Cylinder with Rectilinear, Wiggle, Triangular, and Honeycomb internal patterns	- Infill Level (20, 50, and 80%); - Infill patterns	- Printed products present a slightly larger dimensional structure than the model; - Infill level influences the porosity, weight, texture, moisture content, hardness, and air-frying processing time; - Higher infill levels decrease the porosity and moisture and increase the weight, hardness, and air-frying processing time (12 min at 20% infill level, 16 min at 50%, and 24 min at 80%); - Infill patterns also influence the hardness of the products, with triangular structures presenting higher hardness at 50 and 80% infill.	[103]
Mashed potatoes	Dual nozzle extrusion printer	Cylinder with Rectilinear, Hilbert curve, and Honeycomb internal patterns	- Infill levels (10, 40, and 70%); - Number of shell perimeters (3, 5, and 7); - Infill patterns	- Infill level, more than the other infill parameters (no effect with the pattern, and limited effect with perimeter), presents a strong influence on weight, void fraction, hardness, gumminess, firmness, and Young’s modulus; - Higher infill levels increase all characteristics except for the void fraction which decreases; - Even at 100% infill level, the printed samples present lower hardness compared to the cast samples.	[65]
Potato	3D Printer	Cylinder with Rectilinear, Cubic, and Honeycomb internal patterns	- Infill patterns; - Infill levels (20, 50, and 70%)	- Infill level and pattern both influence the printing time, extrusion rate, weight, hardness, and fracturability; - Higher infill levels increase all properties tested; - An increase in the infill level and complexity pattern increases the printing time. Longer times are needed to produce honeycomb structures and shorter for rectilinear.	[104]
Dark chocolate	3D Printer (Shinnove -D1)	Rectangular with Rectilinear and Honeycomb internal patterns	- Infill levels (25, 50, and 100%); - Infill patterns	- Infill levels influence the hardness of the samples. Increasing the infill also increases the force necessary to break the samples.	[71]
Wheat dough	3D printer Delta 2040	Cylinder with crossing lines	- Infill levels (10, 15, and 20%); - Layer height (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mm)	- Layer height positively influences structures’ diameter and negatively influences the solid matrix fraction and height of the printed snacks. Higher layer height results in a rougher visual aspect of the printed product; - Infill level positively influences the diameter, solid matrix fraction, and hardness of samples; - Cooking of the printed snacks leads to an increase in porosity and weight loss; - Samples printed with a 20% infill level and 0.3 mm of layer height show the highest moisture, hardness, and solid fraction.	[105]
Mashed potatoes and strawberry juice gel	3D Printer	Cylinder with varied internal patterns (triangular, circle, hexagon, and square), a cube with varied layer disposition, and a cube with rectilinear lines	- Mashed potatoes volume ratio (7.44, 20.67, and 41.35%); - Infill levels (40, 60, 80, and 100%); - Infill patterns	- Volume ratio of mashed potatoes influences the hardness and gumminess of the printed products independently of the internal pattern; - Infill levels influence the printing time and rate, hardness, fracturability, and weight of the printed products; - At higher infill levels there is an increase in the weight, printing time and rate, young’s modulus, hardness, firmness, and gumminess, and a decrease in adhesiveness of the printed structures.	[75]