Table 1.

Markers of cellular senescence.

Marker	Senescence	Ref.
Proliferation (Ki67, BrdU assay)	Absent	[15,16]
Cell cycle inhibitors (p21CIP1, p16INK4a)	Increased	[17,18,19]
DNA damage (p53, γH2AX foci, TAF, SAHF, SADF)	Increased	[20,21,22,23,24,25]
SA-β-gal activity	Increased	[26,27,28]
Lamin B1	Decreased	[29]
Nuclear exclusion of HMGB1	Present	[30]
SASP factors (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, PAI-1, MMPs)	Present	[31,32]
Anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL, MCL-1)	Increased	[33,34]