Table 4.
Average values of the tested biochemical indicators of blood and urine in the examined persons after consuming beverages with different osmolarity levels (n = 14).
| Indicator | Beverages | Pre-Exercise | Post-Exercise | p Value (Pre vs. Post) | Effect Size | p Value for ANOVA (Post-Exercise Differences between Beverages) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass (kg) | Low | 65.3 ± 5.4 | 65.1 ± 5.4 | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.706 |
| High | 65.4 ± 5.4 | 65.2 ± 5.5 | 0.001 | 0.03 | ||
| Isotonic | 65.2 ± 5.0 | 65.0 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 0.04 | ||
| Water Balance | ||||||
| Hematocrit (l/L) | Low | 0.377 ± 0.017 | 0.366 ± 0.021 | 0.048 | 0.56 | 0.212 |
| High | 0.372 ± 0.020 | 0.360 ± 0.023 | <0.001 | 0.59 | ||
| Isotonic | 0.367 ± 0.020 | 0.353 ± 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.71 | ||
| Urine specific gravity (g/L) | Low | 1.013 ± 0.006 | 1.019 ± 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.82 | 0.108 |
| High | 1.014 ± 0.006 | 1.023 ± 0.009 | 0.006 | 1.15 | ||
| Isotonic | 1.016 ± 0.009 | 1.019 ± 0.007 | 0.068 | |||
| Plasma osmolality (mOsm/kg) | Low | 291.5 ± 2.1 | 290.1 ± 3.6 | 0.155 | <0.001 a | |
| High | 291.6 ± 2.5 | 290.1 ± 3.6 | 0.077 | |||
| Isotonic | 290.1 ± 2.9 | 285.3 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | 1.73 | ||
| Electrolyte Balance | ||||||
| Sodium ions (mmol/L) | Low | 143 ± 1 | 142 ± 2 | 0.111 | 0.005 a | |
| High | 143 ± 1 | 142 ± 2 | 0.179 | |||
| Isotonic | 142 ± 2 | 140 ± 1 | <0.001 | 1.51 | ||
| Potassium ions (mmol/L) | Low | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 0.024 | 0.66 | 0.022 b |
| High | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 1.39 | ||
| Isotonic | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 0.075 | |||
| Calcium ions (mmol/L) | Low | 1.21 ± 0.03 | 1.19 ± 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.76 | 0.624 |
| High | 1.20 ± 0.02 | 1.18 ± 0.04 | 0.030 | 0.60 | ||
| Isotonic | 1.22 ± 0.03 | 1.19 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 1.06 | ||
| Chloride ions (mmol/L) | Low | 109 ± 1 | 108 ± 2 | 0.418 | 0.357 | |
| High | 108 ± 2 | 107 ± 2 | 0.292 | |||
| Isotonic | 109 ± 2 | 107 ± 2 | <0.001 | 0.80 | ||
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | Low | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.730 | 0.789 | |
| High | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.431 | |||
| Isotonic | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 0.272 | |||
| Aldosterone (pmol/L) | Low | 125.8 ± 45.4 | 411.8 ± 184.0 | 0.001 | 2.13 | 0.005 a |
| High | 117.0 ± 53.9 | 424.2 ± 107.5 | <0.001 | 3.61 | ||
| Isotonic | 112.2 ± 28.4 | 270.2 ± 104.6 | <0.001 | 2.06 | ||
| Acid–Base Balance | ||||||
| Bicarbonate ions (mmol/L) | Low | 24.1 ± 1.6 | 22.4 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 0.683 |
| High | 24.7 ± 2.1 | 22.8 ± 1.5 | 0.005 | 1.05 | ||
| Isotonic | 24.3 ± 1.4 | 22.3 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 1.16 | ||
| Standard base excess (mmol/L) | Low | −0.1 ± 1.3 | −2.6 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.63 | 0.645 |
| High | 0.9 ± 1.7 | −2.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 1.61 | ||
| Isotonic | 0.1 ± 1.7 | −2.8 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 1.26 | ||
| Blood pH | Low | 7.40 ± 0.03 | 7.39 ± 0.03 | 0.024 | 0.45 | 0.926 |
| High | 7.41 ± 0.02 | 7.39 ± 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.82 | ||
| Isotonic | 7.40 ± 0.03 | 7.39 ± 0.03 | 0.102 | |||
| Urine pH | Low | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 0.002 | 1.31 | 0.313 |
| High | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 0.005 | 0.89 | ||
| Isotonic | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 0.018 | 0.81 | ||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | Low | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 0.001 | 3.64 | 0.807 |
| High | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | 2.54 | ||
| Isotonic | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 2.5 | 0.001 | 2.55 | ||
Low—low-mineralized water, High—high-mineralized water, Isotonic—sport drink; a—the average values for isotonic drinks are lower than for both waters; b—the average value for isotonic water is higher than for high-mineralized water.