Table 1.

Characteristics of the most commonly used Oncolytic viruses (OVs) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) clinical trials.

Family	Genome	OV Examples	Genetic Engineering	Entry Receptor	Tumor Specificity
		HSV1716	ICP34.5-deleted	HVEM, 3-O-sulfated heparin sulfate and nectin-2	Defects in the p16/Rb, PKR or interferon pathways [7]
Herpesvirus	dsDNA	G207	ICP34.5 and ICP6 -deleted mutant oHSV	HVEM, 3-O-sulfated heparin sulfate and nectin-2	Defects in the p16/Rb, PKR or interferon pathways [8]
		G47Δ	ICP34.5, ICP6 and α47 -deleted mutant oHSV	HVEM, 3-O-sulfated heparin sulfate and nectin-2	Defects in the p16/Rb, PKR or interferon pathways [9]
		rQnestinHSV-1	ICP34.5-deleted mutant oHSV, in which γ134.5 gene was reinserted under control of nestin promoter	HVEM, 3-O-sulfated heparin sulfate and nectin-2	Expression of nestin [10]
Adenovirus	dsDNA	Onyx-015	E1B-55k and E3B -deleted mutant group C adenovirus	CAR	Defects in p53 pathway, defects in cell cycle, late viral RNA export [11]
		delta24-RGD	24-base pair deletion in the E1A gene and insertion of an RGD sequence in the viral knob	CAR, αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins	Defects in Rb pathway [12]
Paramyxoviridae	(−) ssRNA	MV-CEA	Edmonston (MV-Edm) vaccine strain with insertion of the human carcinoembryonic antigen gene	CD46, nectin-4, SLAM	Overexpression of CD46, defects in the interferon pathway [13]
		NDV	Natural tropism	Sialic acids	Defects in the interferon pathway [14]
Reovirus	dsRNA	R124	Natural tropism	JAM-A, Nogo Receptor NgR1	Defects in the Ras signaling pathway [15]
Picornaviridae	(+) ssRNA	PVSRIPO	Poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) vaccine with replacement of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) with the human rhinovirus type 2 IRES	CD155	Overexpression of CD155 [16,17]
Parvovirus H1	ssDNA	Parvovirus H-1PV	Natural tropism	Sialic acids	Defects in interferon pathway, defects in cell proliferation pathways [18]