Table 2.
Proposed biomarkers found to be dysregulated in periphery of HD patients.
| Blood Biomarkers | Type of Deregulation | References |
|---|---|---|
| NFL | up-regulation | [50,51,52] |
| mHTT | up-regulation | [64,65,66,67] |
| 8-OHdG | up-regulation no difference |
[75,85,86,87] [86,90] |
| UA | up-regulation | [76] |
| Kynurenine | no difference up-regulation |
[82] [83] |
| Tryptophan | down-regulation no difference |
[82] [83,104] |
| Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio | up-regulation | [82,83] |
| BDNF | down-regulation (transcript only) | [95] |
| down-regulation | [40,96] | |
| no difference | [91,97,98] | |
| up-regulation | [99] | |
| 24OHC | down-regulation | [102] |
| Melatonin | no difference down-regulation |
[138] [140] |
| GH | no difference up-regulation |
[141,142] [141,151] |
| Metabolism of amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) | changed | [107,108,109] |
| not changed | [108,110,111] | |
| Cholesterol profile | no difference down-regulation |
[111,112,113] [97] |
| AT1R-AA | up-regulation | [136] |
| AGA | up-regulation | [137] |
| Serotonin N-acetylserotonin |
down-regulation | [104] |
| up-regulation | [104] | |
| Cytokines | ||
| Eotaxin, MCP-1, MCP-4, MIP-1β | up-regulation | [125] |
| IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, GM-CSF | up-regulation | [124] |
| MMP-9, VEGF, IL-18 | up-regulation | [152] |
| TGF-β1 | down-regulation | [134] |
| IL-6 | up-regulation | [132] |
| miRNAs | ||
| miR-34b | up-regulation | [120] |
| miR-10b-5p, miR-486-5p | up-regulation | [117] |
| miR-30d-5p, miR-877-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-223-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-338-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-628-3p, miR-361-5p, miR-128, miR-22-5p, miR-942 | up-regulation | [121] |
| miR-9 | down-regulation | [119] |