Table 1.
Selected bivariable analyses comparing risk factors of patients infected with 3GCRE, patients infected with susceptible Enterobacterales and uninfected control patients (n = 29 in each group).
| Parameter | 3GCRE 1 No. (Valid % 3) | 3GCSE 2 No. (Valid % 3) | Uninfected No. (Valid % 1) | 3GCRE vs. Uninfected | 3GCSE vs. Uninfected | 3GCRE vs. 3GCSE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Age (Years), Median (Range) | 2.25 (0–24) |
3 (0–20) |
3 (0–17) |
0.93 | 0.756 | 0.786 | ||||
| Age Group | Neonates (<30 days) |
12 (41.4) | 12 (41.4) | 12 (41.4) | 1 (0.35–2.844) |
>0.99 | 1.0 (0.352–2.844) |
>0.99 | 1 (0.352–2.844) |
>0.99 |
| Elderly (>20 years) |
1 (3.4) | 1 (3.4) | 0 | 1.036 (0.97–1.11) |
>0.99 | 1.036 (0.97–1.11) |
>0.99 | 1 (0.06–16.791) |
>0.99 | |
| Weight (Kg), Median (Range) /mean ±SD |
125 (22–520) |
118 (40–118) |
200 (30–614) |
0.859 | 0.94 | 0.92 | ||||
| Female Gender | 19 (65.5) | 21 (72.4) | 12 (41.4) | 0.372 (0.128–1.077) |
0.065 | 0.269 (0.09–0.808) |
0.017 | 1.382 (0.452–4.225) |
0.57 | |
| Castrated Adult Male 4 | 2 (66.7) | 3 (60) | 6 (66.7) | 1 (0.063–15.988) |
>0.99 | 0.75 (0.078–7.21) |
>0.99 | 1.333 (0.067–26.618) | >0.99 | |
| Pregnant Mare | 4 (28.6) | 5 (41.7) | 2 (25) | 1.2 (0.166–8.659) |
>0.99 | 2.143 (0.299–15.355) |
0.642 | 0.56 (0.11–2.8620 |
0.683 | |
| Shelter Resident | 4 (13.8) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (10.3) | 1.387 (0.282–6.83) |
>0.99 | 0.642 (0.099–4.159) |
>0.99 | 2.16 (0.363–12.84) |
0.670 | |
| Recent exposure to healthcare environments and/or settings | ||||||||||
| Recent Hospitalization (<3 months) | 6 (20.7) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 1.3 (1.053–1.605) |
0.023 | 1.036 (0.967–1.109) |
>0.99 | 7.304 (0.819–65.114) |
0.102 | |
| Surgery Prior (<3 months) to the Date of Event 5 | 16 (55.2) | 12 (42.9) | 0 (0) | 2.231 (1.49–3.34) |
<0.001 | 1.75 (1.27–2.412) |
<0.001 | 1.641 (0.576–4.675) |
0.352 | |
| Urologic Procedure During Hospitalization, Prior to the Date of Event 5 | 14 (48.3) | 11 (39.3) | 2 (6.9) | 12.6 (2.517–63.063) |
0.001 | 8.735 (1.721–44.328) |
0.004 | 1.442 (0.5.4–4.128) |
0.494 | |
| Upper Airways Procedure During Hospitalization, Prior to the Date of Event 5 | 9 (31) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (3.4) | 12.6 (1.476–107.543) |
0.005 | 3.36 (0.328–34.415) |
0.352 | 3.75 (0.895–15.715) |
0.06 | |
| Plasma Therapy During Hospitalization, Prior to the Date of Event 5 | 10 (34.5) | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 1.526 (1.172–1.988) |
0.001 | 1.167 (1.003–1.357) |
0.052 | 3.281 (0.868–12.4) |
0.116 | |
| Feeding/Nasogastric Tube During Hospitalization, Prior to the Date of Event 5 | 16 (57.1) | 14 (46.4) | 9 (32.1) | 2.815 (0.946–8.376) |
0.06 | 1.83 (0617–5.423) | 0.247 | 1.538 (0.536–4.416) |
0.422 | |
| Prior MDRO 6 Isolation (<1 year) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.074 (0.973–1.186) |
0.491 | a | a | 1.074 (0.973–1.186) |
0.492 | |
| Prior ESBL Isolation (<1 year) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | a | a | a | a | a | a | |
| Background conditions and co-morbidities prior to the date of event 3 | ||||||||||
| Chronic Lung Disease | 2 (6.9) | 3 (10.3) | 0 (0) | 1.074 (0.973–1.186) |
0.491 | 1.115 (0.986–1.262) |
0.237 | 0.642 (0.099–4.159) |
>0.99 | |
| Neurologic Disease 7 | 6 (20.7) | 1 (3.4) | 4 (13.8) | 1.63 (0.408–6.521) |
0.487 | 0.223 (0.023–2.132) |
0.352 | 7.304 (0.819–65.114) |
0.102 | |
| Immunosuppression 8 | 7 (24.1) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (3.4) | 8.909 (1.019–77.905) |
0.052 | 1.037 (0.062–17.429) |
>0.99 | 8.591 (0.981–75.221) |
0.052 | |
| Hyperlactatemia 9 | 4 (66.7) | 4 (40) | 4 (36.4) | 3.5 (0.431–28.447) |
0.335 | 1.167 (0.2–6.805) |
>0.99 | 3 (0.361–24.919) |
0.608 | |
| Azotemia 10 | 7 (25.9) | 4 (40) | 10 (35.7) | 0.63 (0.198–2.003) |
0.432 | 0.3 (0.0815–1.113) |
0.064 | 2.1 (0.537–8.217) |
0.281 | |
| Antimicrobial therapy prior (< 3 months) to the date of event 5 | ||||||||||
| Any Antibiotic Treatment | 28 (96.6) | 20 (71.4) | 3 (10.3) | 242.667 (23.722–2482.349) |
<0.001 | 21.667 (5.086–92.303) | <0.001 | 11.2 (1.296–96.787) |
0.012 | |
| Penicillins | 20 (71.4) | 15 (53.6) | 1 (3.4) | 70 (8.1–604.917) |
<0.001 | 32.308 (3.845–271.441) |
<0.001 | 2.167 (0.717–6.55) |
0.168 | |
| Fluoroquinolone | 6 (21.4) | 3 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 1.273 (1.049–1.544) |
0.01 | 1.125 (0.985–1.285) |
0.106 | 2.182 (0.486–9.796) |
0.469 | |
| Aminoglycoside | 23 (82.1) | 9 (32.1) | 1 (3.4) | 128 (14.034–1182.052) | <0.001 | 13.263 (1.55–113.47) |
0.005 | 9.711 (2.78–33.92) | <0.001 | |
| Polymyxin | 6 (37.5) | 9 (56.3) | 0 (0) | 1.6 (1.095–2.339) |
0.006 | 2.286 (1.311–3.984) |
<0.001 | 0.467 (0.113–1.92) |
0.288 | |
| Metronidazole | 4 (14.3) | 5 (17.9) | 0 (0) | 1.167 (1.003–1.357) |
0.052 | 1.217 (1.024–1.447) |
0.023 | 0.767 (0.183–3.216) |
>0.99 | |
| Cephalosporins | 4 (14.3) | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 1.167 (1.003–1.357) | 0.052 | 1.077 (0.972–1.193) |
0.237 | 2.167 (0.363–12.922) |
0.669 | |
| Acute illness indices at the date of event 5 | ||||||||||
| Sepsis 11 | 10 (34.5) | 6 (20.7) | 0 (0) | 1.526 (1.172–1.988) |
0.001 | 1.261 (1.047–1.518) |
0.023 | 2.018 (0.62–6.569) |
0.24 | |
1 3GCRE: Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales. 2 3GCSE: Third-generation cephalosporin-susceptible Enterobacterales. 3 Data are presented as valid percent, i.e., after removing the missing values from the denominator. 4 Only adult males included. Neonates were not included. 5 The date of event was defined as the date on which the first sign or symptom of the infection was documented, or the date of culture among patients with no sign or symptom documentation. 6 Isolates were defined as multidrug-resistant based on established criteria [24]. 7 Neurologic disease included any of the following: perinatal asphyxia syndrome, meningitis and radial nerve paralysis. 8 Immunosuppression was defined if one of the following criteria was positive: neutropenia on admission (neutrophil count < 2.9 cells/μL [25]), corticosteroids treatment (<1 month) or chemotherapy (<3 months). 9 Hyperlactatemia was defined as blood lactate levels >2.06 mmol/dL [26]. 10 Azotemia was defined as a baseline creatinine >1.9 mg/dL [27]. 11 Sepsis was defined based on established criteria [25,28]. a Analysis cannot be computed since at least one of the values is missing.