Table 4.
Examples of dual and multi-responsive nanomaterials and their biomedical applications.
| Nr. Crt. | Stimuli | Nanomaterial | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | pH/redox/temperature |
N,N0 -bis(acryloyl)cystamine, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, Methacrylic acid, a disulfide bond contained cross-linker, and doxorubicin SS-NPs@DOX |
Drug delivery | [128] |
| 2. | Ultrasound/pH |
Poly(ethylene oxide, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, (2-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)ethyl methacrylate PEO43-b-P(DEA33-stat-TMA47) |
Drug release | [129] |
| 3. | Temperature/magnetic field |
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)- Magnetic nanoparticles b-PNIPAM-mNPs |
The isolation of diagnostic targets that can be used in point-of-care devices | [130] |
| 4. | Light/pH | rGO-PDA nanosheets | Drug delivery, phototherapy | [131] |
| 5. | pH/magnetic field |
Magnetic nanoparticles MFNPs |
Targeting, drug delivery, MRI | [132] |
| 6. | Temperature/pH |
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) pNIPAM |
Drug release | [133] |
| 7. | pH/light/enzyme |
Copper sulfide nanoparticles CuS NPs |
Theranostics | [134] |
| 8. | pH/redox |
Thiol-modified polylysine- indocyanine green/ poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles PLL-ICG/DPEG Nps |
Photothermal and photodynamic therapy | [135] |
| 9. | pH/redox |
Poly (ethylene glycol) –polylacticacid-thioketal groups-Paclitaxel-(Maleimide thioether) Chlorin e6 mPEG-PLA-TKI-PTX nanoparticles and Ce6-(SS-mal-)-Ce6 (PNPCe6) |
Chemotherapy, drug release | [136] |
| 10. | pH/redox |
Histidine -4 polyamidoamine dendrimer -Disulfide bonds- (poly (ethylene glycol)- Transferrin (His-PAMAM-ss-PEG-Tf, HP-ss-PEG-Tf) nanocarrier |
Anticancer drug delivery | [137] |
| 11. | pH/redox |
Lipoic acid ethylenediamine- Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether- Llysine poly(LAE-co-PGDE-co-Lys) core-crosslinked nano aggregate |
Anticancer drug delivery | [138] |
| 12. | pH/redox |
Paclitaxel- poly(6-O-methacryloyl-d-galactopyranose)- gemcitabine/ N-acetyl-d-glucosamine(NAG)-poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-b-polystyrene PTXL-ss-PMAGP-GEM/NAG NLCs |
Anticancer drug delivery | [139] |
| 13. | UV light/redox/pH | Six-arm star-shaped amphiphilic copolymer with poly (caprolactone) -bpoly (acrylic acid) -b-poly (poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) | Anticancer drug delivery | [140] |
| 14. | pH/temperature | Poly(NIPAM)nanogel @ Fe3O4 NPs/poly(acrylic acid) -graft—κ—carrageenan | Drug delivery | [141] |
| 15. | Redox/pH/temperature | Nanogels based on alginate and cystamine | Anticancer drug delivery | [142] |