Table 2.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in blood after 21 weeks of dietary intervention.
| STD | HF | FG | ω-3 | FG&ω-3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | |||||
| ORAC (µmol trolox Eq/mL) | 18.3 ± 3.8 | 17.4 ± 4.7 | 18.4 ± 5.7 | 21.2 ± 6.1 | 21.1 ± 7.6 |
| FRAP (µmol trolox Eq/mL) | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.03 |
| GSH (nmol/mL) | 9.9 ± 1.4 | 11.2 ± 3.8 | 11.4 ± 6.2 | 10.4 ± 1.9 | 9.9 ± 3.2 |
| GSSG (nmol/mL) | 32.4 ± 2.3 | 30.5 ± 3.3 | 29.6 ± 4.9 | 29.7 ± 4.9 | 29.3 ± 1.9 |
| GSSG/GSH ratio | 3.24 ± 0.57 | 2.96 ± 0.85 | 3.19 ± 1.57 | 2.88 ± 0.41 | 3.22 ± 1.00 |
| Conjugated dienes (mmol hydroperoxides/kg lipid) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.06 a | 0.17 ± 0.03 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.02 |
| Albumin carbonylation index | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.14 a | 0.36 ± 0.08a | 0.26 ± 0.05 a,b,c | 0.31 ± 0.06 a |
| Erythrocytes | |||||
| SOD (U/g Hb) | 1155 ± 410 | 1022 ± 279 | 1156 ± 245 | 1250 ± 367 | 968 ± 289 |
| CAT (mmol/g Hb) | 77.5 ± 11.4 | 86.6 ± 22.3 | 71.4 ± 12.8 | 64.1 ± 6.9 | 70.1 ± 18.6 |
| GPx (U/g Hb) | 85.4 ± 14.7 | 83.4 ± 13.1 | 76.7 ± 13.2 | 71.3 ± 6.8 a,b | 61.3 ± 14.4 a,b,c |
| GR (U/g Hb) | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.07 a | 0.18 ± 0.03 a | 0.19 ± 0.05 a |
| GSH (µmol/g Hb) | 1.51 ± 0.49 | 1.16 ± 1.06 | 0.69 ± 0.22 a | 0.78 ± 0.57 a | 1.69 ± 0.53 c,d |
| GSSG (µmol/g Hb) | 0.85 ± 0.26 | 0.77 ± 0.28 | 0.82 ± 0.30 | 0.93 ± 0.44 | 0.43 ± 0.08 a,b,c,d |
| GSSG/GSH ratio | 0.60 ± 0.25 | 1.29 ± 0.99 | 1.21 ± 0.34 | 1.56 ± 0.87 | 0.29 ± 0.11 d |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, nine rats per group. Abbreviations: STD, Standard group; HF, High-Fat group; FG, Fagomine group; ω-3, ω-3 PUFA group; FG&ω-3, Fagomine and ω-3 PUFA group; ORAC, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; FRAP, Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; Hb, Hemoglobin; CAT, Catalase; GPx, Glutathione Peroxidase; GR, Glutathione Reductase; GSH, Reduced Glutathione; GSSG, Oxidized Glutathione. p-value was calculated by the one-way analysis of variance or the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Scheffé post-hoc test or Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. a, vs. STD group; b, vs. HF group; c, vs. FG group; d, vs. ω-3 group.