Table 3.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in tissues after 21 weeks of dietary intervention.
| STD | HF | FG | ω-3 | FG&ω-3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perigonadal white adipose tissue | |||||
| SOD (U/g tissue) | 83.9 ± 13.1 | 75.5 ± 7.0 | 80.8 ± 28.8 | 63.0 ± 18.2 | 74.7 ± 24.4 |
| CAT (mmol/g tissue) | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.06 |
| GPx (U/g tissue) | 0.25 ± 0.23 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.20 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.05 |
| GR (U/g tissue) | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.12 ± 0.07 |
| GSH (nmol/g tissue) | 6.79 ± 1.23 | 6.71 ± 2.79 | 5.75 ± 2.84 | 10.92 ± 0.93 a,b,c | 8.24 ± 3.76 |
| GSSG (nmol/g tissue) | 28.3 ± 6.7 | 24.2 ± 6.4 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 27.3 ± 4.3 | 23.5 ± 5.1 |
| GSSG/GSH ratio | 4.32 ± 1.49 | 3.87 ± 0.86 | 5.31 ± 1.82 b | 2.52 ± 0.54 a,b,c | 3.13 ± 0.96 c |
| Liver | |||||
| SOD (U/g tissue) | 4523 ± 271 | 2896 ± 883 a | 4122 ± 1556 | 3714 ± 917 | 2956 ± 379 a |
| CAT (mmol/g tissue) | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 15.5 ± 1.4 | 16.1 ± 1.7 | 15.9 ± 2.5 | 17.2 ± 2.4 |
| GPx (U/g tissue) | 40.7 ± 6.1 | 34.0 ± 5.2 | 37.9 ± 2.3 | 38.3 ± 8.0 | 36.3 ± 5.6 |
| GR (U/g tissue) | 7.86 ± 1.37 | 5.46 ± 1.18 | 6.05 ± 1.49 | 6.34 ± 1.34 | 7.84 ± 2.64 |
| GSH (µmol/g tissue) | 0.86 ± 0.37 | 0.47 ± 0.29 | 0.62 ± 0.31 | 0.58 ± 0.37 | 0.57 ± 0.40 |
| GSSG (µmol/g tissue) | 1.56 ± 0.26 | 1.29 ± 0.14 | 1.22 ± 0.07 | 1.21 ± 0.26 a | 1.08 ± 0.28 a |
| GSSG/GSH ratio | 2.02 ± 0.65 | 3.46 ± 1.55 | 2.45 ± 1.15 | 2.97 ± 2.04 | 2.90 ± 2.10 |
| Conjugated dienes (mmol hydroperoxides/kg lipid) | 15.8 ± 0.5 | 23.3 ± 1.1 a | 23.8 ± 1.3 a | 21.7 ± 1.1 a | 22.6 ± 1.6 a |
| Total protein carbonylation index | 0.74 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.16 a | 0.91 ± 0.16 a | 0.75 ± 0.10 b,c | 0.63 ± 0.08 b,c |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, nine rats per group. Abbreviations: STD, Standard group; HF, High-Fat group; FG, Fagomine group; ω-3, ω-3 PUFA group; FG&ω-3, Fagomine and ω-3 PUFA group; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; CAT, Catalase; GPx, Glutathione Peroxidase; GR, Glutathione Reductase; GSH, Reduced Glutathione; GSSG, Oxidized Glutathione. p-value was calculated by the one-way analysis of variance or the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Scheffé post-hoc test or Mann–Whitney U test, respectively. a, vs. STD group; b, vs. HF group; c, vs. FG group.