Table 1.
Summary of general characteristics of the studies
| Countries n | Overall aims addressed | Ethnicity | Population characteristics* | Sampling methodology | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
United Kingdom (n = 29) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 14) Dental caries (n = 11) Periodontal diseases (n = 2) Oral cancer, including oral lesions (n = 2) Orthodontic (n = 2) Cleft problems (n = 1) Self-reported oral health (n = 5) Oral health behaviours (n = 12) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 4) Smoking, alcohol consumption (n = 9) Oral health knowledge (n = 2) Oral cancer awareness (n = 4) Oral health care utilisation (n = 6) Dental attendance (n = 6) Barriers (n = 2) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 15) Official records (n = 8) Visual method (n = 2) Not clear (n = 4) Categorization of ethnicity Black and ethnic minority group BME: (n = 21) Immigrants/ migrants (n = 1) One particular ethnic groups such as South Asians or Turkish or Chinese (n = 7) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 11) Adolescents: 12–16 years (n = 4) Adults: 16 years and above (n = 7) |
Convenience (n = 13) Random (n = 10) Secondary data (n = 4) Not clear (n = 2) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population made (n = 11) Cross sectional, no comparisons with made (n = 5) Cross sectional, only intra ethnic comparisons made (n = 6) Cross sectional, registry based (n = 3) Cross sectional, intra ethnic comparisons and comparisons with host population made (n = 4) |
|
Germany (n = 10) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 6) Dental caries (n = 6) Periodontal diseases (n = 1) Orthodontic (n = 1) Use of sealants (n = 3) Oral health behaviours (n = 3) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 2) Oral health knowledge (n = 1) Oral health care utilisation (n = 6) Dental attendance (n = 6) Barriers (n = 2) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 3) Official records (n = 1) Not clear (n = 6) Categorization of ethnicity Immigrants (n = 9) Turkish (n = 1) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 4) Adolescents: 12–16 years (n = 4) Adults: 16 years and above (n = 5) |
Convenience (n = 3) Random (n = 2) Secondary data (n = 2) Not clear (n = 2) All included (n = 1) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population made (n = 7) Cross sectional, registry based (n = 2) Longitudinal study, comparisons with host population made (n = 1) |
|
Sweden (n = 9) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 9) Dental caries (n = 6) Oral cancer (n = 1) Self-reported oral health (n = 2) Oral health behaviours (n = 5) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 5) Oral health knowledge (n = 2) Oral health care utilisation (n = 3) Dental attendance (n = 3) Barriers (n = 1) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 5) Official records (n = 2) Not clear (n = 2) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 9) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 5) Adolescents: 12–16 years (n = 4)Adults: 16 years and above (n = 4) |
Convenience (n = 2) Random (n = 5) Registry based (n = 2) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population made (n = 6) Cross sectional, no comparisons with host population (n = 1) Longitudinal registry based, comparisons with host population made (n = 1) Cross sectional, registry based (n = 1) |
|
Italy (n = 5) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 4) Dental caries (n = 4) Oral health behaviours (n = 1) Smoking, alcohol consumption (n = 1) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 4) Not clear (n = 1) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 4) Non-westerns/foreigners (n = 1) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 4) Adults: 16 years and above ( n = 1) |
Convenience (n = 1) Random (n = 3) Not clear ( n = 1) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 4) Cross sectional, only intra ethnic comparisons made (n = 1) |
|
Norway (n = 5) |
Clinically examined oral health status: (n = 4) Dental caries (n = 4) Oral health behaviours (n = 4) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 4) Oral health knowledge (n = 3) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 4) Not clear (n = 1) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 5) |
Parents of children aged 3–5 years (n = 5) |
Convenience (n = 3) Random (n = 2) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 2) Cross sectional, follow up (n = 3) |
|
Spain (n = 4) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 4) Dental caries (n = 3) Periodontal diseases (n = 1) Self-reported oral health (n = 1) Oral health behaviours (n = 1) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 1) Oral health care utilisation (n = 1) Dental attendance (n = 1) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 4) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 4) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 2) Adolescents: 12–16 years (n = 3) Adults: 16 years and above ( n = 1) |
Convenience (n = 1) Random (n = 2) Registry based (n = 1) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 3) Cross sectional, registry based (n = 1) |
|
The Netherlands (n = 2) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 1) Dental caries (n = 1) Oral health behaviours (n = 1) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 1) Oral health knowledge (n = 1) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 2) Categorisation of ethnicity Non-Dutch (n = 1) Moroccan/Turkish (n = 1) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 2) |
Convenience (n = 1) Total population taken (n = 1) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 1) Cross sectional: case–control study, comparisons with host population made (n = 1) |
|
Denmark (n = 2) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 2) Dental caries (n = 2) Oral health behaviours (n = 1) Tooth brushing, dietary practices (n = 1) Oral health knowledge (n = 1) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 1) Official records (n = 1) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 1) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 2) Adolescents: 12–16 years (n = 2) |
Convenience (n = 1) Registry based (n = 1) |
Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 1) Cross sectional, registry based (n = 1) |
|
Greece (n = 2) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 2) Dental caries (n = 2) |
Method of recording ethnicity Official records (n = 2) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 1) Non-Greek (n = 1) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 2) | Random (n = 2) | Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 2) |
|
Austria (n = 1) |
Clinically examined oral health status (n = 1) Dental caries (n = 1) |
Method of recording ethnicity Self-assessed (n = 1) Categorisation of ethnicity Immigrants/migrants (n = 1) |
Children: 0–12 years (n = 1) | Random (n = 1) | Cross sectional, comparisons with host population (n = 1) |
n total number of studies
*Overlap due to multiple methods used in these studies