Figure 3: Climbing-fiber linked single-trial plasticity and learning.

A: The crooked arrows indicate a sequence of target motions during learning trials in the random-direction paradigm. The 4 sets of red and blue traces show the eye velocity and position on the n-1^st and n^th trials, also indicated by the colors of crooked arrows. Dashed traces show target motion and the arrowhead on the vertical eye velocity trace points to single trial learning seen in the n^th trial as a result of the instruction in the n-1^st trial. B: Schematic of the target velocities on the “instruction” and “test” trials. C, D: Trial-over-trial change in simple spike firing (C) and eye velocity (D). Black, blue, orange, and red traces show neural and behavioral learning when there was no complex-spike and when the complex-spike was short, medium, or long in duration. The vertical dashed line shows the time of the instructive change in target direction and the gray shading indicates the interval used for quantitative analysis. Reproduced with permission from Yang and Lisberger (2014).