Table 3 —
Contrast sensitivity and impaired spatial frequency
| Author(s) (year) | No. of eyes (# subjects) | Device (cpd) | Range of spatial frequency (cpd) with decreased sensitivity (compared to the control group) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No DR | NPDR | PDR | |||
| Joltikov et al (2017)81 | CN = 18 (n = 18) No DR = 23 (n = 23) Mild NPDR = 19 (n = 19) Moderate NPDR = 15 (n = 15) |
qCSF Procedure on AST Platform (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd) | 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 | 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 18.0 | |
| Stem et al (2016)137 | CN = 23 (n = 23) No DR = 16 (n = 16) Mild to Moderate NPDR = 14 (n = 14) |
Pelli-Robson Chart (~ 1 cpd) | ~1 | ~1 | |
| Boynton et al (2015)27 | CN = 15 (n = 15) PDR = 15 (n = 15) PRP = 30 (n = 30) |
Pelli-Robson Chart (~ 1 cpd) | ~1 | ||
| Zhu et al (2015)154 | CN = 158 (n = 158) No DR = 141 (n = 141) |
Functional Acuity Contrast test (FACT) Optec 6500 Device (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd) | 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 18.0 | ||
| Andrade et al (2014)8 | CN = 64 (n = 32) DM = 49 (n = 27): 30 No DR, 13 NPDR, 6 PDR |
Study Designed CS Software (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30 cpd) | 15.0, 30.0 | 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 30.0 | 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 30.0 |
| Jackson et al (2012)77 | CN = 18 (n = 18) No DR = 23 (n = 23) NPDR = 35 (n = 35) |
Pelli-Robson Chart (~ 1 cpd) | None | ~1 | |
| Georgakopoulos et al (2011)57 | CN = 90 (n = 45) No DR = 120 (n = 60) |
CSV-1000 Device (3, 6, 12, 18 cpd) | 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 18.0 | ||
| Katz et al (2010)84 | CN = 14 (n = 7) No DR = 17 (n = 9) |
Study Designed Platform Using Gabor Targets (photopic CS: 6, 9,12 cpd; mesopic CS: 3, 6, 9 cpd) | 3.0 (Mesopic setting only) | ||
| Misra et al (2010)100 | CN = 226 (n = 115) DM = 382 (n = 205): 281 No DR, 93 NPDR, 8 PDR |
Pelli-Robson Chart (~ 1 cpd) | ~1 | ~1 | ~1 |
| Di Leo et al (1992)46 | CN = 60 (n = 30) No DR = 48 (n = 24) |
Study Designed CS (static and dynamic test: 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.2, 4.8, 7.1, 9.6, 12.2 cpd) | Dynamic:0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.2, 4.8, 7.1, 9.6; Static:1.0,1.4, 2.2, 7.1, 9.6 | ||
| Trick et al (1988)139 | CN 70 (n = 35) No DR = 74 (n = 37) Mild to Moderate NPDR = 40 (n = 20) |
Vistech VCTS 6500 Distance Chart (1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 18.0 cpd) | None | 6.0, 12.0 | |
CS, contrast sensitivity; CN, control; DM, diabetes; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PRP, pan-retinal photocoagulation; cpd, cycle per degree.