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. 2021 Feb 6;26(4):869. doi: 10.3390/molecules26040869

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) after 24 h of treatment were determined by flow cytometry with DCFH-DA dye. The number of cells is plotted versus the dichlorofluorescein fluorescence detected by the FL-2 channel (a). The relative ROS production of cells is presented as histograms (b). Values are shown as mean ± SD. # and * indicate significant differences from the non-LPS-treated control and LPS-induced control groups, respectively. ^# p < 0.05 vs. the non-treated group. *, **, and ***p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001 vs. the LPS-treated control, respectively.