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Rice MAPK cascades are activated by different abiotic stress signals and confer tolerance to diverse abiotic stress in rice. A variety of abiotic stress, such as cold, salt, drought, and submergence could activate diverse rice MAPK cascades, which play critical roles in triggering rice resistance to these stresses [16,25,26,27,28,34,35,36,67,68]. OsMAPKKK63-OsMAPKK1-OsMAPK4 is the only known cascade conferring salt tolerance, while its downstream substrates have not been identified.
