Table 2.

The applications of nanobodies in advanced CAR-T therapies.

Target	CAR Structure					Reference
	Spacer	Transmembrane	Costimulatory	Signaling	New Function
MUC1	IgG3-Fc&Hinge-Hinge	CD28	CD28-OX40	CD3ζ	iCaspase 8	[66]
EGFR	Anti-E5B9-CD28	CD28	CD28	CD3ζ	UniCAR	[103]
	Anti-E5B9-CD28	CD28	CD28	CD3ζ	UNiCAR & Bivalent VHH	[104]
CD20&HER2	IgG1-Fc	CD28	CD28	CD3ζ	Bispecific	[105]
PD-L1	CD8α	CD8α	CD28	CD3ζ	secrete anti-CD47	[106]
	CD8α	CD8α	CD28	CD3ζ	secrete anti-CD47-Fc
	CD8α	CD8α	CD28	CD3ζ	secrete anti-CTLA4-Fc& anti-CD47
EIIIB	CD8α	CD8α	CD28	CD3ζ	secrete anti-PD-L1
	CD8α	CD8α	CD28	CD3ζ	secrete anti-CD47
	CD8α	CD8α	CD28	CD3ζ	secrete anti-CTLA4-Fc