Table 1.

Effect of NF-κB inhibitors on cancer immunity. This table highlights some of the studies aiming at evaluating monotherapy-induced immune responses in the context of cancer in vivo. In vitro assays and other diseases are not discussed.

Agent/Mechanism	Tumor Model	Impact on Immune Cells	References
Mepazine/MI-2, MALT-1 inhibitor	Mouse melanoma	↑ CD8+ T cells, ↑ IFNγ by Treg cells in TILs; efficacy lost in RAG−/− mice	[159]
Curcumin, prevents IκBα degradation, NF-κB translocation	Mouse breast, colon, lung cancer	↑ T cells and IFNγ expression, ↓ Treg cell proportion in TILs	[186,187,188]
	Mouse breast, bladder lung cancer	↓ MDSCs in TILs, ↑M1 macrophages	[189,190,191]
	Mouse glioblastoma	↑ NK cells; NK-cell-dependent therapeutic effect	[192]
	Patients with lung cancer	↑ IFNγ expression by CD4+ T cells, ↓ Treg cell proportions in PBMCs	[193]
KINK-1, IKKβ inhibitor	Mouse melanoma	↑ CD8+ T-cell infiltration and function in tumors	[162]
SMAC mimetics (CIAP antagonists), inhibit canonical NF-κB, enhance alternative NF-κB	Mouse Multiple myeloma	↑macrophage phagocytosis; macrophage-dependent therapeutic effect	[194]
	Mouse glioblastoma, breast cancer	↑ T-cell in TILs; CD8+ T-cell-dependent therapeutic effect	[195]
IT-603, c-Rel inhibitor	Mouse thymoma, melanoma	↓ circulating T cells; ↑ IFNγ expression by Teff/Treg cells in TILs	[196,167]
PTXF, c-Rel inhibitor	Mouse breast cancer, melanoma	↑ CD8+ T cells, ↓ Treg cells in TILs; efficacy lost in RAG−/− mice	[168,167]
R96A, c-Rel inhibitor	Mouse melanoma	↓ inhibitory function of MDSCs	[48]